José Antonio Costa

Rendimento de grãos de soja afetado pelo espaçamento entre linhas e fertilidade do solo

Two soybean experiments were performed at lhe Agronomic Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, in the county of Eldorado do Sul - RS. In the 1994/95 growing season the cultivars FT-Saray and OCEPAR 14 (both early maturity and determinate type) were used, in row spacings of 20 and 40cm, and the soils with very low and sufficient phosphorus leveis, and population of 40 plants m-2. In the 1996/97 growing season the cultivar FT-Saray was used, row spacings of 20 and 40cm, soils with three fertility leveis (actual fertility, recommended fertiliwtion and twice the recommendation), and populations of 30 and 40 plants m-2. When the soil fertility reached the crop requirements, according to the technical recommendations, the row spacing reduction from 40 to 20cm increased grain yield from 3554 to 4104kg ha-1 (+15%), in the first year, and from 4322 to 5420kg ha-1 (+ 25%) in the second. When the soil fertility was below the critical level, the same decrease in row spacing lowered yield from 1843 to 1520kg ha-1 (-17%).

Efeito de populações e espaçamentos sobre o potencial de rendimento da soja durante a ontogenia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the row spacing reduction, plant populations and soil fertility on soybean potential yield at three stages of development. The experiment was performed at the Estação Experimental Agronômica of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in the 1996/97 growing season, in a Rhodic Paleudult soil . The experimental design was a split split-plot randomized complete block, with four replicates. Treatments were tested at three soil fertility levels (without fertilization, the recommended fertilization and twice the recommended fertilization), two plant populations (30 and 40 plants m) and two row spacing (20 and 40 cm). The cultivar tested was FT-Saray (early), in notill. Mean potential yields were 15.007 kg ha in R2, 10.282 kg ha -1 in R5 and 5.330 kg ha -1 in R8 (maturity). Plant populations as well as row spacing affected the soybean potential yield. The population of 40 plants m was greater than the 30 plants m in R5 but this advantage was not observed at maturity, because at this stage there was no difference between populations. With 20 cm rows the potential yield was greater than with 40 cm in R5, resulting in higher yield in R8.

Potencial de rendimento da soja em razão da disponibilidade de fósforo no solo e dos espaçamentos

The experiment was performed during the 1994/95 growing season at the EEA/UFRGS, in Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil, in a dark red Podzolic soil (Rhodic Paleudult). The objective was to evaluate the soybean potential yield at the growth stages R2 (flowering), R5 (beginning of pod filling) and R8 (maturity). The treatments were arranged in subplots in a randomized complete block design, and consisted of two soil P levels (3 and 15 ppm), and two row spacings (20 and 40 cm). The early, determinate cultivar OCEPAR 14 was used. On the average of the treatments, potential yield in R2 was of 18 t/ha and of 10 t/ha in R5, and the final yield, in R8 of 4.6 t/ha. The treatment of 15 ppm of P reached greater potential yield in the three growth stages, due to less flower and pod abortion. The row spacing of 20 cm showed greater potential yield at the growth stages evaluated, but the percentage of yield reduction due to flower and pod abortion were similar.

Tolerância de genótipos de soja ao alumínio em solução

The knowledge of the soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes reaction to aluminum (Al) present in acid soils is important for the development of efficient breeding programs. A series of ex- periments were carried out to determine the levels of Al and calcium (Ca) in low salt solutions and the most appropriate time for screening. The next experiments were conducted to rank Brazilian soybean cultivars and breeding lines according to their tolerance to Al with some American cultivars, consid- ered as standards. A solution with 0.2 mg L -1 of Al and 50 mg L -1 of Ca was used and the primary root length obtained in the ninth day was utilized to screen 148 soybean genotypes for Al tolerance. Among these genotypes, 21 were Al-tolerant : Biloxi, Bragg, BRAS85-1736, BRAS86-3672, BR-13 (Maravilha), BR-37, Cobb, EMGOPA-302, EMGOPA-304 (Campeira), FT-1, FT-5 (Formosa), FT-6 (Veneza), FT-Guaira, FT-Manaca, IAS 4, IPAGRO-21, Ivai, MSBR-17 (Sao Gabriel), OCEPAR-6, Planalto and Tiaraju. Seventy three genotypes had intermediate tolerance and 54 were non-tolerant to Al.

Estimativa do potencial de rendimento por estrato do dossel da soja, em diferentes arranjos de plantas

The soybean yield potential can be modified by plant arrangement. This modification might be the result of the diferential contribution of the canopy strata for the potential determination. The experiment was conducted at the Agronomic Experimental Estation of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in the 2000/01 growing season. The objectives were to evaluate the yield potential by stratum of soybean canopy in different plant arrangement, under two water availability. The cultivar tested was BRS 137, in no-till planting. Water availability (irrigated an no irrigated), row spacing (20 and 40cm) and population levels (20, 30 and 40 plants m-2) were tested. The yield potential was estimated in the beginning of grain filling (R5). It was considered that all flowers and pods present at this stage were able to reach maturation, forming grains and contributing to yield. The canopy was divided in three strata by plans paralel to soil surface. The irrigated treatment (14976kg ha-1) presented larger total plant yield potential and yield in R8 (maturity) than without irrigation (12148kg ha-1), similar to what ocurred in all soybean canopy strata. The plant arrangement with 20cm of row spacing, independent of population, presented, on the average, larger yield potential in R5 (14970kg ha-1) compared to 40cm row spacing (12154kg ha-1). The same was also noticed at the medium soybean canopy stratum. At maturity the plant arrangement 20cm of row spacing and population of 20 plants m-2 yielded more than 40cm (6442kg ha-1 compared to 4396kg ha-1), due to larger yield at the medium and botom stratum. There was a linear decrease in yield potential with increase of plant population, with row spacing reduction (20cm), explained by the same behavior of the canopy strata. Similar response was obtained for yield in R8. The soybean canopy strata contributed differently to yield potential with the plant arrangement modification, due to the diferential number of reproductives structures (R5) and yield components (R8) alteration.

Redução na dose do herbicida aplicado em pós-emergência associada a espaçamento reduzido da cultura de soja para controle de Brachiaria plantaginea

Integration of certain crop management practices with chemical weed control could allow a rate reduction of the herbicide to be applied, without significant changes in weed control levels and soybean grain yields. This research aimed to evaluate reduction in the recommended rate of a formulated mixture of fluazifop-p-butyl plus fomesafen, associated with reduction in soybean row width, on alexandergrass (Brachiaria plantaginea) control and crop grain yield. The experiment was conducted at EEA/UFRGS, Eldorado do Sul-RS, during the growing season of 1997/98. Soybean cultivar tested was BR 16, sowed under a no-till system. The treatments consisted of three row widths (20, 40 and 60 cm), and five rates of the herbicide mixture [fluazifop-p-butyl (200 g L-1) + fomesafen (250 g L1)], applied at the recommended rate of 1.0 L ha-1 (100%) and reduced rates (75, 50, and 25% of the recommended rate) plus a check. Alexandergrass control was visually evaluated at 8 and 17 days after herbicide applications, by obtaining its dry matter weight, as well as the soybean grain yield. The results showed that, for a moderate alexandergrass infestation, soybean row width does not affect weed control when the herbicide is sprayed at the recommended rate. For late herbicide applications, 40 cm row width allows a reduction of herbicide rate up to 50%, without affecting alexandergrass control and a decrease up to 75% of the herbicide rate, without reducing soybean grain yield; reduction of herbicide rate is conditioned to application time and row width used; with reduced row widths application must be performed earlier so that a sufficient amount of the product reaches the weeds.

Tolerância da soja ao desfolhamento afetada pela redução do espaçamento entre fileiras

The row spacing reduction from 40 to 20 cm increase radiation interception, leaf area index and grain yield. This experiment aimed to evaluate if the row spacing reduction influence soybean tolerance to loss of photosynthetic area. The research was performed using no-till tillage system at the Agronomic Experimental Station of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, during the 2000/01 growing season. Treatments were arranged in a split-split plot randomized complete block design, with four replications. Treatments included five combination of defoliation in three stages of development (V9 - ninth-node, R2 - full bloom and R5 - beginning of seed filling), two row spacings (20 and 40cm) and four defoliation levels (0 - control, 33, 67 and 100%). The cultivar tested was FT-Abyara. Defoliations performed at the reproductive stages decrease grain yield, especially when curried at the begging of grain filling (R5). The control grain yield was 21% higher when soybean was sown with rows 20cm apart (4134kg ha-1) than with 40cm rows (3413kg ha-1). Narrow rows always provided higher yields in all defoliation levels. The component that influenced yield the most was the number of pods m-2. These results indicate that row spacing reduction from 40cm to 20cm is a positive management strategy for soybean production regardless of defoliation level.

Potencial de rendimento da soja durante a ontogenia em razão da irrigação e arranjo de plantas

The quantification of reproductive structures during the ontogeny allows to estimate soybean yield potential (YP), making possible to quantify the effect of environmental factors and management practices on the production and fixation of these structures. This work aimed to determine the effect of water availability and plant arrangement on the YP and its components, during ontogeny of two soybean cultivars. Treatments were two water availability (irrigated and non irrigated), two cultivars (BRS 137 and BRS 138), and three row spacings (20 cm, 40 cm and 20 and 40 cm in skip row). The average YP obtained was of 15,295 kg ha-1 at blooming; 12,325 kg ha-1 during legume formation; 5,508 kg ha-1 at the beginning of grain filling and 4,315 kg ha-1 in maturation phase. The irrigated treatment had higher YP, due to the larger flower and pod production and fixation, more grains per pod and heavier grains, in relation to non irrigated treatment. There was no significant difference among the row spacings tested. The cultivar BRS 137 presented greater YP during the ontogeny than BRS 138, due to less flower abortion, heavier grains and more grains per pod.

Qualidade de grãos de duas cultivares de soja em função da disponibilidade de água no solo e arranjo de plantas

The soybean is a crop with high demand for nitrogen (N) due to the grain protein content of about 40%. Because of the high protein, soybean is of great economic importance. The present study had its objectives to determine the effect of water availability and soybean plant arrangement on grain quality of two cultivars. With this objective, an experiment was performed during the 1998/99 growing season, in the Agronomic Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (EEA/UFRGS), Eldorado do Sul, RS. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block in a split split-plot design, with four replications. Two water availability (irrigated and not irrigated), two cultivars (BRS 137 and BRS 138) and three row spacings (20cm, 40cm and 20-40cm in skip row) were tested. The leaf N content was evaluated during crop growth, and the protein and oil content, as well as the size and weight of the grains, at the harvest. The average grain yield was of 3360kg ha -1 . The irrigation increased grain yield by 1101kg ha -1 (39%), due to the increase in leaf N, size and weight of the grain. The yield of the cultivar BRS 137 was 535kg ha -1 (17%) greater, as well as it produced grains with larger size, weight and protein content than BRS 138. In the late reproductive stage, leaf N was higer in 20cm and 40cm, what resulted in larger protein content and grain yield 18 and 13% higher, compared to 20-40 cm in skip row, respectively. The grain oil content was not altered by the treatments.

Effect of population and spacing on soybean potential yield during ontogeny

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the row spacing reduction, plant populations and soil fertility on soybean potential yield at three stages of development. The experiment was performed at the Estação Experimental Agronômica of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in the 1996/97 growing season, in a Rhodic Paleudult soil . The experimental design was a split split-plot randomized complete block, with four replicates. Treatments were tested at three soil fertility levels (without fertilization, the recommended fertilization and twice the recommended fertilization), two plant populations (30 and 40 plants m) and two row spacing (20 and 40 cm). The cultivar tested was FT-Saray (early), in notill. Mean potential yields were 15.007 kg ha in R2, 10.282 kg ha -1 in R5 and 5.330 kg ha -1 in R8 (maturity). Plant populations as well as row spacing affected the soybean potential yield. The population of 40 plants m was greater than the 30 plants m in R5 but this advantage was not observed at maturity, because at this stage there was no difference between populations. With 20 cm rows the potential yield was greater than with 40 cm in R5, resulting in higher yield in R8.