José Fernández Sáez

Desigualdades en el desarrollo geopolítico de género en España 1980-2005: un determinante estructural de la salud

Fundamento: El genero es un determinante estructural de la salud. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar los cambios en las desigualdades del desarrollo de genero en Espana y Comunidades Autonomas (1980-2005). Metodos: Estudio ecologico sobre evolucion del Indice de Desarrollo de Genero y sus componentes (educacion, ingresos y esperanza de vida al nacer) por sexo en Espana y CC.AA (1980 a 2005). Fuente de informacion: Indice Desarrollo de Genero (1980 a 2000). Y calculo del Indice de Desarrollo de Genero 2005 segun metodologia del Informe de Capital Humano. Fuentes: Instituto Nacional Estadistica, Encuesta Poblacion Activa, Padron municipal, Ministerio Educacion, Consejo Universidades, EUROSTAT, y Encuesta Estructura Salarial. Resultados: El Indice de Desarrollo de Genero de Espana mejoro (valor2005:0,903-valor1980:0,810). La amplitud del rango entre Comunidades Autonomas bajo el Indice de Desarrollo de Genero global de Espana era el triple en 1980 (DiferenciaC.Valenciana-Extremadura:0,068) que en 2005 (DiferenciaAsturias-Extrmadura:0,023). Las Comunidades Autonomas sobre el Indice de Desarrollo de Genero global de Espana apenas variaron entre ellas. Los 3 componentes del Indice de Desarrollo de Genero mejoraron. Destaca, Indice educacion: los valores de los hombres superan a los de las mujeres en los primeros anos, tornandose mas altos para estas a partir de 1985, e Indice ingresos: el valor global de las mujeres en Espana en 2005 (0,814) es inferior al de los hombres 25 anos antes (1980:0,867). Conclusiones: Las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en los valores de los componentes del Indice de Desarrollo de Genero se redujeron entre 1980-2005. Pese a la mejoria del desarrollo de genero en Espana persisten las desigualdades interregionales norte-sur.

Inequality in analgesic prescription in Spain: a gender development issue

OBJECTIVES It is well known that sex differences in analgesic prescription are not merely the logical result of greater prevalence of pain in women, since this therapeutic variability is related to factors such as educational level or social class. This study aims to analyse the relationship between analgesic prescription and gender development in different regions of Spain. METHODS Cross-sectional study of sex-differences in analgesic prescription according to the gender development of the regions studied. Analgesic prescription, pain and demographic variables were obtained from the Spanish Health Interview Survey in 2006. Gender development was measured with the Gender Development Index (GDI). A logistic regression analysis was conducted to compare analgesic prescription by sex in regions with a GDI above or below the Spanish average. RESULTS Once adjusted by pain, age and social class, women were more likely to be prescribed analgesics than men, odds ratio (OR) = 1.74 (1.59-1.91), as residents in regions with a lower GDI compared with those in region with a higher GDI: ORWomen = 1.26 (1.12-1.42), ORMen = 1.30 (1.13-1.50). Women experiencing pain in regions with a lower GDI were more likely than men to be treated by a general practitioner rather than by a specialist, OR = 1.32 (1.04-1.67), irrespective of age and social class. CONCLUSIONS Gender bias may be one of the pathways by which inequalities in analgesic treatment adversely affect womens health. Moreover, research into the adequacy of analgesic treatment and the possible medicalisation of women should consider contextual factors, such as gender development.

Inequality in analgesic prescription in Spain. A gender development issue

OBJECTIVES It is well known that sex differences in analgesic prescription are not merely the logical result of greater prevalence of pain in women, since this therapeutic variability is related to factors such as educational level or social class. This study aims to analyse the relationship between analgesic prescription and gender development in different regions of Spain. METHODS Cross-sectional study of sex-differences in analgesic prescription according to the gender development of the regions studied. Analgesic prescription, pain and demographic variables were obtained from the Spanish Health Interview Survey in 2006. Gender development was measured with the Gender Development Index (GDI). A logistic regression analysis was conducted to compare analgesic prescription by sex in regions with a GDI above or below the Spanish average. RESULTS Once adjusted by pain, age and social class, women were more likely to be prescribed analgesics than men, odds ratio (OR) = 1.74 (1.59-1.91), as residents in regions with a lower GDI compared with those in region with a higher GDI: ORWomen = 1.26 (1.12-1.42), ORMen = 1.30 (1.13-1.50). Women experiencing pain in regions with a lower GDI were more likely than men to be treated by a general practitioner rather than by a specialist, OR = 1.32 (1.04-1.67), irrespective of age and social class. CONCLUSIONS Gender bias may be one of the pathways by which inequalities in analgesic treatment adversely affect womens health. Moreover, research into the adequacy of analgesic treatment and the possible medicalisation of women should consider contextual factors, such as gender development.

Desigualdad en prescripción de analgésicos en España: una cuestión de desarrollo de género

OBJECTIVES It is well known that sex differences in analgesic prescription are not merely the logical result of greater prevalence of pain in women, since this therapeutic variability is related to factors such as educational level or social class. This study aims to analyse the relationship between analgesic prescription and gender development in different regions of Spain. METHODS Cross-sectional study of sex-differences in analgesic prescription according to the gender development of the regions studied. Analgesic prescription, pain and demographic variables were obtained from the Spanish Health Interview Survey in 2006. Gender development was measured with the Gender Development Index (GDI). A logistic regression analysis was conducted to compare analgesic prescription by sex in regions with a GDI above or below the Spanish average. RESULTS Once adjusted by pain, age and social class, women were more likely to be prescribed analgesics than men, odds ratio (OR) = 1.74 (1.59-1.91), as residents in regions with a lower GDI compared with those in region with a higher GDI: ORWomen = 1.26 (1.12-1.42), ORMen = 1.30 (1.13-1.50). Women experiencing pain in regions with a lower GDI were more likely than men to be treated by a general practitioner rather than by a specialist, OR = 1.32 (1.04-1.67), irrespective of age and social class. CONCLUSIONS Gender bias may be one of the pathways by which inequalities in analgesic treatment adversely affect womens health. Moreover, research into the adequacy of analgesic treatment and the possible medicalisation of women should consider contextual factors, such as gender development.