José Lázaro Andrade

Importance of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during coronary artery surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass

The goal of this study was to assess left ventricular segmental wall motion (SWM) abnormalities during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and its impact on the immediate postoperative outcome. Transesophageal echocardiography was used intraoperatively in 27 patients (mean age 57 years) who had CABG without CPB. Images obtained with a 5-MHz biplane transesophageal echocardiographic probe in the transgastric and transesophageal planes were recorded before, during, and after 48 coronary artery clampings for saphenous vein or internal mammary artery anastomosis. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed 1 day before surgery and on the seventh postoperative day. During the 48 coronary artery clampings, 31 (64%) new SWM abnormalities were found. At the time of chest closure, complete recovery occurred in 16 (50%) segments, partial recovery in 10 (33%), and no recovery in 5 (17%). On the seventh postoperative day the new SWM abnormalities persisted in all 5 segments without recovery at the end of the surgery and in 2 of 10 (20%)segments with partial recovery (group 1). Group 1 had higher variation on the echocardiographic point score index between the beginning and end of surgery, higher enzymatic levels, more ST-T changes on the electrocardiogram, and more clinical problems than group 2 (patients without new SWM abnormalities on the seventh postoperative day) (P < .05). We concluded that new SWM abnormalities of the left ventricle occur during CABG without CPB as assessed by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Persistence of these abnormalities at the end of surgery may be a predictor of SWM dysfunction and clinical problems in the immediate postoperative period.

Structural and functional characteristics of rat hearts with and without myocardial infarct. Initial experience with doppler echocardiography

OBJECTIVEnTo assess by Doppler echocardiography the structural and functional alterations of rat heart with surgical induced extensive myocardial infarction.nnnMETHODSnFive weeks after surgical ligature of the left coronary artery, 38 Wistar-EPM rats of both sexes, 10 of them with extensive infarction, undergone anatomical and functional evaluation by Doppler echocardiography and then euthanized for anatomopathological analysis.nnnRESULTSnEchocardiography was 100% sensible and specific to anatomopathological confirmed extensive miocardial infarction. Extensive infarction lead to dilatation of left ventricle (diastolic diameter: 0.89 cm vs.0.64 cm; systolic: 0. 72 cm vs. 0.33 cm) and left atrium (0.55 cm vs. 0.33 cm); thinning of left ventricular anterior wall (systolic: 0.14 cm vs. 0.23 cm, diastolic: 0.11 cm vs. 0.14 cm); increased mitral E/ A wave relation (6.45 vs. 1.95). Signals of increased end diastolic ventricle pressure, B point in mitral valve tracing in 62.5% and signs of pulmonary hypertension straightening of pulmonary valve (90%) and notching of pulmonary systolic flow (60%) were observed in animals with extensive infarction.nnnCONCLUSIONnDoppler echocardiography has a high sensitivity and specificity for detection of chronic extensive infarction. Extensive infarction caused dilatation of left cardiac chambers and showed in Doppler signals of increased end diastolic left ventricular pressure and pulmonary artery pressure.

Multiple arterial anomalies in the newborn infant. Echocardiographic and angiographic diagnosis

Multiple arterial anomalies characterized by tortuosity and rolling of the pulmonary arteries and aorta were diagnosed on echocardiography in an asymptomatic newborn infant with a phenotype suggesting Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. These changes were later confirmed on angiography, which also showed peripheral vascular abnormalities. The electrocardiogram showed a probable hemiblock of the left anterosuperior branch, and the chest x-ray showed an excavated pulmonary trunk with normal pulmonary flow.

Bandagem ajustável do tronco pulmonar: comparação de dois métodos de hipertrofia aguda do ventrículo subpulmonar

OBJECTIVE: This study compares ventricular hypertrophy induced by continuous versus intermittent systolic overload of the pulmonary ventricle (RV) of young goats. METHODS: Three groups of seven goats were used (control, continuous, and intermittent). Systolic overload was maintained for 96 hours in the continuous group, while the intermittent group suffered four 12-hour periods of systolic overload, alternating with 12-hour resting periods. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluations were performed every day. The animals were then killed for myocardial water content and weight evaluation. RESULTS: Both study groups achieved significant increases in RV mass (p<0.05). However, significant increases of the septum mass were observed only in the Intermittent Group (p<0.05). A greater increase in the RV wall thickness was observed in the Intermittent Group (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in RV diastolic volume between the two groups (p= 0.01), with a greater RV dilation in the Continuous Group after 24 hours of continuous overload (p< 0.03). In both groups, the RV ejection fraction was maintained within the normal range throughout the protocol. A smaller RV perimeter was observed in the Intermittent Group after 96 hours of systolic overload (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in RV myocardial water content between the study groups and the Control Group. CONCLUSIONS: Adjustable pulmonary artery bandages permit rapid RV hypertrophy in both groups. Nevertheless, it is more efficient in the Intermittent Group. This study suggests that preparation of the pulmonary ventricle with intermittent systolic overload might provide better results for the 2-stage arterial switch operation.

Role of contrast-enhanced transesophageal echocardiography for detection of and scoring intrapulmonary vascular dilatation.

Background: Intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IVD) are microvascular pulmonary changes mediated by nitric oxide that cause right‐to‐left shunt and hypoxemia. Contrast‐enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE) is the gold standard diagnostic test for IVD. Objective: To evaluate contrast‐enhanced transesophageal echocardiography (cTEE) in the diagnosis and grading of IVD. Methods: A study group (SG) of 63 cirrhotic patients were compared to 20 shunt‐free control subjects (CG). Both groups underwent cTEE and cTTE using intravenous injections of agitated saline solution for contrast tests. Patients with patent foramen ovale, when detected, were excluded. Late appearance of microbubbles in the left atrium was diagnostic of pulmonary shunt (positive contrast test) and was graded as trivial, mild, moderate or severe by cTEE. Contrast tests were negative in 7 patients (35%) and trivial in the remaining 13 (65%) in CG, so only contrast grades ≥ mild were considered to be positive IVD tests in the SG. Gasometric change was expressed as the alveolar‐arterial oxygen tension difference (A‐aO2D) and was considered abnormally high at values >20 mmHg. Results: SG: positive IVD tests were present in 23 patients (36%) by cTTE and 47 (75%) by cTEE (P < 0.001). These patients showed A‐aO2D values significantly higher than those with negative IVD tests (P < 0.02) and were directly proportional to the contrast grade. cTEE allowed the diagnosis of IVD in three additional patients with high A‐aO2D that were not detected by cTTE. Conclusion: cTEE enabled diagnosis of IVD in a greater number of patients with gasometric changes compared to cTTE. The contrast effect grade by cTEE seems to be proportional to IVD magnitude. (Echocardiography 2010;27:1233‐1237)

Association of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and aortic valve stenosis. Prenatal diagnosis

A rare association of pulmonary atresia with an intact septum was diagnosed through echocardiography in a fetus 32 weeks of gestational age. The diagnosis was later confirmed by echocardiography of the newborn infant and further on autopsy. The aortic valve was bicuspid with a pressure gradient of 81 mmHg, and the right ventricle was hypoplastic, as were the pulmonary trunk and arteries, and the blood flow was totally dependent on the ductus arteriosus.

Exercise Echocardiography in Cryopreserved Aortic Homografts: Comparison of a Prototype Stentless, a Stented Bioprosthesis, and Native Aortic Valves

Background: Aortic valve replacement with a cryopreserved aortic homograft (CH) is an attractive alternative to bioprosthesis implantation. The aim of the study was to compare the hemodynamic performance of CH implanted with aortic root inclusion compared to prototype stentless (SS) bioprosthesis, standard stented (SD) bioprosthesis, and a native aortic valve. Methods: Hemodynamics and Doppler echocardiographic measurements such as left ventricular ejection fraction, aortic valve orifice area index (AVOAI), mean and maximal transvalvular gradients, were obtained at rest and immediately after exercise in 28 patients after aortic valve replacement with CH (n = 10), SS (n = 9), or SD (n = 9), and in a control group (CG) of 15 normal volunteers. Results: Rest and peak exercise heart rate and workload achieved were not different among the groups. Baseline AVOAI was larger for CH and CG compared to SS and SD groups (P < 0.05). Maximal and mean transvalvular pressure gradients at rest were lower for CH compared to SS and SD groups (P < 0.05), but higher than CG (P < 0,05). Conclusion: Implanted aortic CH had better hemodynamic performance than SS and SD bioprosthesis and similar to native normal aortic valves, both at rest and immediately after exercise. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 26, November 2009)

Pulmonary Venous Flow Index as a Predictor of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Variability in Congenital Heart Disease with Increased Pulmonary Flow: A Comparative Study before and after Oxygen Inhalation

There is no definitive and reliable echocardiographic method for estimating the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) to differentiate persistent vascular disease from dynamic pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the pulmonary venous blood flow velocity‐time integral (VTIpv) and PVR.

Coração de atleta em desportistas deficientes de elite

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of the athletes, heart syndrome in elite disabled Brazilians athletes. METHODS: Seventy-five athletes, age 27.8±6.7 years, 56 men, with various disabilities (47 physical, 12 visual and 16 cerebral paralysis) underwent clinical, electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic, ergometric and echocardiographic evaluations. RESULTS: Athletes heart signs occurred in 33% of the clinical evaluations, in 55% of the electrocardiograms, in 15% of the vectorcardiograms, and in 5% of the echocardiograms. At least one of these signs was presented in 51% of the athletes. There were 2 or more abnormalities in 46% of the athletes and 4 or more signs in 12%. Exercise test was considered not ischemic in 77% of the subjects. There was right bundle branch block in 23% of the tests. CONCLUSION: There were two or more athletes heart syndrome signs in 46% of Brazilian disabled athletes.

Avaliação da anastomose de artéria torácica interna esquerda com artéria interventricular anterior pela ecodopplercardiografia

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor do ecocardiograma Doppler(ECO) transtoracico na identificacao de perviabilidade da anastomose entre arteria toracica interna esquerda (ATIE) e interventricular anterior, realizada pela tecnica de revascularizacao miocardica pela minitoracotomia sem circulacao extracorporea. METODOS: Estudaram-se os primeiros 12 pacientes, consecutivos, no periodo de pos-operatorio intra-hospitalar pelo ECO, utilizando-se transdutores de 5MHz, pela via paraesternal esquerda, preferencialmente. Foram analisadas velocidades maximas e integrais de velocidade dos componentes sistolico e diastolico das curvas espectrais de fluxo Doppler. Todos pacientes foram submetidos a cinecoronariografia, enquanto hospitalizados. RESULTADOS: O ECO foi exequivel em 93% dos pacientes. Nos com anastomose pervia (6/7), observou-se ao estudo Doppler amplo componente diastolico (padrao A). Naqueles com anastomose obstruida (4/4) o padrao observado foi de predominio sistolico (padrao B) (p=0,003*). CONCLUSAO: O ECO da ATIE anastomosada com a arteria interventricular anterior, apos cirurgia de revascularizacao miocardica pela tecnica de minitoracotomia, permitiu caracterizar precocemente, com precisao, a perviabilidade da anastomose.