José Lindenberg Rocha Sarmento

Suplementação de lipídios em dietas para cabras em lactação: consumo e eficiência de utilização de nutrientes

The effect of different fat supplements on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, milk yield and efficiency of nutrient utilization was evaluated in lactating dairy goats. Twenty-four dairy goats were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates/treatment. The fat supplements tested were soybean oil (SO), calcium salts of longchain fatty acids (CS) and whole soybean (WS), which contributed with 4.5% of dietary ether extract. A control diet with no added fat was also fed to the animals. Daily measurements of intake and milk yield were done from day 51 to day 138 of lactation. Intakes of DM (DMI), NDF (NDFI), TDN (TDNI), and net energy (NEI) were lower on soybean oil and whole soybean than on control and CS diets. Feeding fat supplements to lactating goats reduced digestibilities of OM, CP and TC. Digestibility of NDF was reduced by SO while that of NFC was reduced by WS. Yields of milk fat, milk protein and milk decreased when WS was fed and the feeding of all three fat supplements depressed the yield of milk lactose. No significant differences in the concentration of milk components were observed across treatments. Similarly, the net efficiency of utilization of ingested metabolizable energy for milk production (kl) did not differ among diets. The same was true for nitrogen balance and retained nitrogen.The effect of different fat supplements on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, milk yield and efficiency of nutrient utilization was evaluated in lactating dairy goats. Twenty-four dairy goats were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates/treatment. The fat supplements tested were soybean oil (SO), calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CS) and whole soybean (WS), which contributed with 4.5% of dietary ether extract. A control diet with no added fat was also fed to the animals. Daily measurements of intake and milk yield were done from day 51 to day 138 of lactation. Intakes of DM (DMI), NDF (NDFI), TDN (TDNI), and net energy (NEI) were lower on soybean oil and whole soybean than on control and CS diets. Feeding fat supplements to lactating goats reduced digestibilities of OM, CP and TC. Digestibility of NDF was reduced by SO while that of NFC was reduced by WS. Yields of milk fat, milk protein and milk decreased when WS was fed and the feeding of all three fat supplements depressed the yield of milk lactose. No significant differences in the concentration of milk components were observed across treatments. Similarly, the net efficiency of utilization of ingested metabolizable energy for milk production (kl) did not differ among diets. The same was true for nitrogen balance and retained nitrogen.

Modelos de regressão aleatória na avaliação genética do crescimento de ovinos da raça Santa Inês

It was used 17,767 weight records of 4,210 Santa Ines breed lambs aiming to compare random regression models with different structures to model the residual variance in genetic studies of the growth curve. The fixed effects included in the analysis were contemporary group and age of the ewe at lambing. Fixed and random regressions were fitted through Legendry polynomials of orders 4 and 3, respectively. The residual variance was fitted by heterogeneous classes and by functions of variances employing ordinary polynomials and Legendry polynomials of the orders 2 to 8. The model considering homogeneity of residual variances was inadequate. Accordingly to the used criteria, the residual variance containing seven heterogeneous classes provided the best fit, although a more parsimonious one, with five classes, could be used without losses on the quality of variance fit on the data. The fit of functions of variances with any order was better than that obtained through classes. The ordinary polynomial of order 6 provided the best fit among the tested structures. The modeling of the residue interfered on the estimative of the variances and genetic parameters. In addition to changes in the classification of the reproducers, the magnitude of the predicted genetic values shows significant variations, accordingly to the fitting of the used residual variance.

Modelos de regressão aleatória para descrição da curva de crescimento de codornas de corte

The objective of this paper was to compare different random regression models adjusted through Legendre polynomial functions of different orders to evaluate the one best adjusted to the genetic study of the meat quail growth curve. The data used in this study were from 26,835 and 27,447 observations from 3,909 and 4,040 meat quails of the UFV-1 and UFV-2 strain, respectively. The body weight of the two strain was evaluated on 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age. The orders of adjustment of the continuous functions were gradually increased (orders varying from 3 to 6), to determine the least necessary order to describe structure of covariance in function of time in the random regression models. Legendre polynomial functions of the 6th order for direct additive genetic effect and 5th order for permanent effect, for strain UFV-1 and 6 for both random effects for strain UFV-2 should be used in the genetic evaluation of the quail meat growth curve in study. The estimated heritability indicates which genetic traits can be obtained as a response to the physical body weight selection in two strain.

Homogeneidade e heterogeneidade de variância residual em modelos de regressão aleatória sobre o crescimento de caprinos Anglo-Nubianos

The objective of this work was to compare random regression models with different structures of residual variances, in the estimate of covariance components and genetic parameters for growth traits in goats. Regression functions using Legendre orthogonal polynomials of the fourth order were used for modeling animal growth trajectory, and polynomial of third order for modeling direct and maternal additive genetic effects, and permanent environmental effect. Different residual variance structures were considered using alternatively step functions (from one to seven different classes of residual variances) or variance functions using ordinary and Legendre polynomials, with orders of fit from the first to fourth order. Models were compared by likelihood ratio test, Akaikes information criterion and Schwarzs bayesian criterion. Models including residual variance functions showed better results than those including classes of variance. The ordinary polynomial of third order showed better results than the other models. Genetic parameters are affected by different residual variance structures in the models, however, genetic parameters estimates using four classes of residual variance, ordinary polynomial and Legendre polynomial of third order are similar.

Prolificidade de caprinos mestiços leiteiros no semiárido nordestino

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of some environmental effects on the litter size, using 526 records of kidding of dairy crossbreed goats. The statistical analyses were carried out through generalized linear models, using a binomial distribution function and the logistic link function. The probabilities of occurrence of multiple kidding were calculated by a model that included the effects of year and month of mating, order of kidding, age at first kidding, weight at mating, milk yield, lactation length, and kidding interval. The average litter size of the herd was 1.49 kids. The effects of month of mating, order of kidding, weight at mating, age at first kidding, and kidding interval were significant. Chances of multiple kiddings tended to increase with the age of dam (order) and weight at mating. Females mated during food availability period presented larger probabilities of multiple births. The age at first kidding was another important variable because females with higher age presented higher probability of multiple kiddings. Females with larger kidding intervals tended to present higher probabilities of kidding more than one kid. The litter size of crossbreed goats is highly affected by environmental changes, physiologic maturity (age), body condition and age at beginning of the reproductive life.

Aspectos ambientais e genéticos da prolificidade em caprinos utilizando modelos bayesianos de limiar e linear

Variance components and genetic parameters of the litter size trait, using Bayesian inference under linear and threshold animal model were estimated. The litter size of crossbred goats was studied with information regarding a period of eight consecutive years. Analyses were performed with 500,000 cycle chains. The burn-in of the 15,000 baseline values was considered and these were taken every 250 cycles to obtain a posteriori distribution with 1,940 effective samples. Statistical analyses showed that the effects of coverage month, delivery order and linear effect of weight on coverage were significant. The heritabilities were 0.03 and 0.18 for linear and threshold models respectively. The threshold model proved to be suitable, producing higher estimates regarding the estimated parameters.

Modelos de regressão aleatória na avaliação da produção de leite em cabras da raça Saanen

It was used 10,238 weekly test day records from 388 first lactations of Saanen goats with the objective of comparing random regression models (RRM). Firstly, it was compared five models, whose exponential terms of Wilmink function assumed the following values: -0.0350; -0.0500; -0.0565; -0.0680 and -0.1000 (W0350, W0500, W0565, W0680 and W1000, respectively) by considering homogeneity of residual variance over the lactation period. The value -0.0500 was kept in the model W0500 whereas models W0350, W0565, W0680 and W1000 used values -0.0350; -0.0565; -0.0680 and -0.1000, respectively, replacing the value -0.0500, proposed by the original model used in dairy cattle. After choosing the best model according to ln L, homogeneity and heterogeneity for residual variance: homogeneity, two classes, three classes, four classes, five classes and six classes along the lactation were evaluated by using AIC, BIC and ln L criteria. According to criterion used, W0350 presents the best fit among the evaluated models. With regard to residual variance, the use of six classes over lactation is indicated by AIC, BIC, ln L and likelihood ratio test. Heritability estimates over lactation, for the best model, ranges from 0.07 (2nd lactation week) to 0.25 (20th lactation week).

Estimates of covariance functions for growth of Anglo-Nubian goats

It was used 4,313 weight records from birth to 196 days of age from 946 Anglo-nubiana breed goats, progenies from 43 sires and 279 dams, controlled in the period from 1980 to 2005, with the objective of estimating covariance functions and genetic parameters of animals by using random regression models. It was evaluated 12 random regression models, with degrees ranging from 1 to 7 for direct additive genetic and maternal and animal permanent environment effect and residual variance adjusted by using animal age ordinary polynomial of third order. Models were compared by using likelihood ratio test and by Bayesian information criterion of Schwarz and Akaike information criterion. The model selected based on Bayesian information criterion was the one that considered the maternal and direct additive genetic effect adjusted by a quadratic polynomial and the animal permanent environmental effect adjusted by a cubic polynomial (M334). Heritability estimates for direct effect were lower in the beginning and at the end of the studied period and maternal heritability estimates were higher at 196 days of age in comparison to the other growth phases. Genetic correlation ranged from moderate to high and they decreased as the distance between ages increased. Higher efficiency in selection for weight can be obtained by considering weights close to weaning, which is a period when the highest estimates of genetic variance and heritability are obtained.

Evaluation of persistency lactation measures of Saanen goats under random regression model

It was used 10,238 weekly milk production records on the control day from the first 388 lactations of Saanen goats on the evalution of six lactation persistency measures in order to find out which was the best fitted for using in genetic evaluations on this trait. These six evaluated measures are adaptations from those used on dairy cattle, obtained by replacing, in the formula, bovine reference values by the goat ones. The values used in the calculations were obtained from random regression models. Heritability estimates for persistency measures ranged from 0.03 to 0.09. Genetic correlations between persistency measures and milk production until 268 days ranged from -0.64 to 0.67. Because it presented the lowest genetic correlation with production at 268 days (0.14), the persistency measure PS4 obtained by the sum of the genetic values from the 41st to the 240th day of lactation as deviations of production at 40 days of lactation, is the best recommended for genetic evaluations of lactation persistence on Saanen goats. Thus, the selection of the goats with the best persistency of lactation does not change the production at 268 days. Due to the low heritability of this measure (0.03), few responses to selection are expected on this herd.

Avaliação da trajetória média de crescimento de caprinos em modelos de regressão aleatória

Polynomial functions for modeling growth curves of 946 Anglo-Nubiano goats, born from 1980 to 2005, and their effect on genetic parameter estimates were evaluated. Growth trajectories were fitted by fixed regression of weights on orthogonal polynomial of age, considering polynomials from second to seventh orders. For fixed regression, polynomial models were compared using the following criteria: mean square errors, absolute average residual error, square percent bias and goodness of fit. Akaikes information criterion, Bayesian information criterion and likelihood ratio test criteria were used to evaluate the effect of different polynomial order of fixed regression on genetic parameters estimates. An expressive improvement was found using higher order polynomials and those of fourth order were sufficient for modeling the average growth curve of goats. No influences on genetic parameter estimates were observed adopting higher than cubic order polynomial functions. The direct heritability showed an increasing pattern until 84th day of age, while the maternal one had a constant pattern for the whole period. Polynomial functions are efficient tools for modeling growth curve and polynomials of at least fourth order should be used for modeling the average growth curve of goat in random regression models.