José Luis Arredondo-Figueroa

Growth Characteristics of the Australian Redclaw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, Cultured in an Indoor Recirculating System

Abstract The redclaw crayfish has been cultured in ponds since about 1990. As interest in redclaw has expanded, some culturists have begun to ask about culture potential in areas where pond culture may not be feasible. This study was conducted to determine growth characteristics of redclaw crayfish in an indoor, closed-system culture unit. Redclaw crayfish of two initial sizes, small (0.3±0.1 g) and medium (6.9±2.9 g) were cultured in tanks (1 m2) for five months. Temperature was maintained at 29±1.0°C, and the photoperiod was set at a 12:12 light:dark cycle. Survivals ranged from 65% to 70%. Final mean weights for the two size groups were 5.0 g and 29.0 g, respectively. Redclaw crayfish growth was much lower in this study than has been routinely reported for redclaw crayfish growth in outdoor ponds but not much different from what others have reported for other crayfish species cultured in indoor tanks. Factors that might cause the reduced growth include inadequate diet, density effects, and pheromones.

Effect of the initial stocking body weight on growth of spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869) in marine floating cages

Spotted rose snapper were stocked at body weight sizes of 24.5 �} 3.7 g, 55.4 �} 3.5 g, and 110.2 �} 4.6 g in three replicated marine floating cages of 100 m3 and reared for 153 days at Santa Cruz de Miramar in Nayarit, Mexico, to determine the appropriate stocking body weight size. Caged snapper were fed twice a day with commercial pellets containing 35% crude protein during the first three months and 25% during the last two months, respectively. The water temperature of cages ranged from 25.6 to 32.3��C. Mean survival ranged from 67.5 to 74.7%. Stocking body weight sizes of snapper exerted significantly different (P.0.05) effects on the final biomass. The maximum mean weekly weight gain was 12.8 g week-1 in cages with the 110.2 �} 4.6 g body weight size. These results suggest, as a good strategy, the introduction of snappers with a total weight of 110 g for grow out in marine cages culture.

Growth of fresh-water prawn Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871) juveniles fed isoproteic diets substituting fish meal by soya bean meal

Growth parameters (standard length, weight, specific growth rate and daily we ight gain) of prawn Macrobrachium tenellum juveniles fed 40% crude protein isoproteic diets substituting fish m eal with soya bean meal at various levels (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) were evaluated for 45 days under laboratory conditions. Experimental diets were compared with a 100% fish meal based di et. Total survival was recorded for all the treatments at the end of the experiment. There were no significant differences (p � 0.05) for all the growth parameters among the dietary treatments. The initial mean weight (0.36 ± 0.10 g) increased almost three times (1.00 ± 0.13 g) after 45 days. The final specif ic growth fluctuated from 1.82% BW/d for the 60% soya bean meal inclusion diet, to 2.62% for the 100% fish meal diet. The mean final survival was 91.66%. Growth performance of M. tenellum juveniles was not affected by the dietary soya bean meal levels tested.

Optimization of Triploidy Induction in the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract We describe the results of the optimization process to induce triploidy in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reported the diploid and triploid chromosome numbers, the time of the extrusion of the second polar body and the survival rate at the nauplii larvae stage. The diploid chromosome number was 88 (42.5%). The extrusion of the second polar body was observed in eggs within 16 and 20 minutes post-spawning, the higher frequency occurred at 18 minutes. The triploid chromosome condition was induced by application of cold shock (10°C) to eggs 20 minutes after fertilization and with a duration of 15 minutes. We obtained a high eclosion rate (79%) in comparison to other studies. The verification of triploid nauplii larvae in mitotic metaphase showed a chromosome number set of 132.

Low but Significant Subdivision among Populations of Chirostoma grandocule from Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico

ABSTRACT We examined morphological and genetic data for Chirostoma grandocule, the most abundant silverside fish from Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México, as part of a larger project to clarify the genetic structure of the genus. We analyzed 19 morphometric, 8 meristic, and 11 putative enzyme-coding loci from C. grandocule samples from two different localities within the lake during three different years (Janitzio 1996, 1999, and Ichupio 1997). Because morphometric attributes were all correlated, scores derived from reciprocal averaging analysis were used to describe the variation in fish morphology. Discriminant analysis using 10 morphometric and 8 meristic variables revealed significant differences between samples (Janitzio and Ichupio, χ2 = 558.4 and 531.5, P < 0.001, respectively). The utilization of morphometric features for the reclassification of organisms into the site of origin was highly effective (x̄ = 98.2%). Allozyme data resolved seven polymorphic loci (P0.99) and levels of heterocigosis that ranged from 0.0134 to 0.0319 (x̄ He = 0.0234). Weir and Cockerhams F-statistics provided evidence of low but significant heterogeneity between sites and years (jackknifed θS = 0.0252, SD = 0.0126); a pairwise comparison of θS values revealed that the sample from Ichupio was highly distinct compared to the samples from Janitzio (0.0400 vs. 0.0033, P < 0.05), indicating intra-lacustrine differentiation between the north and south samples. Genetic co-ancestry distances between samples ranged from 0.0154 to 0.0341. The genetic and morphometric variation detected in C. grandocules samples are discussed in the light of differences in sex ratio and of the contrasted environmental and physio-geographical intra-lacustrine conditions.

Effect of density on growth and feeding of the crayfish Cambarellus montezumae (Saussure, 1857)

The acocil C. montezumae is a freshwater crayfish endemic to the Central Plateau of Mexico, but, in recent years, the natural population of this species has diminished considerably. In this work was investigated growth performance and feeding of this crayfish reared at high densities. A random block experimental design with two repetitions and three treatments (77, 154 and 231 crayfish/m2) was carried out. Organisms were fed every third day with 15% of their total biomass of shrimp commercial food with 25% of crude protein, and individual food consumption (IFC) was calculated. Significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.05) were detected in final weight, absolute increase, relative rate of increase, instantaneous rate of increase, yield and survival rate between the densities, with those reared at a density of 77 organisms/m2 reaching the largest sizes. There were no-significant differences (P > 0.05) among treatments in terms of initial weight, specific growth rate and feed conversion l rate.

Genetic Identity and Diversity of Procambarus Llamasi (Decapoda, Astacidae, Cambarinae) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

[Two species of cambarids have been reported for the Yucatan Peninsula, Procambarus llamasi and P. pilosimanus, the latter with a distribution that stretches from the south of Veracruz to the south of Campeche. However, during the last decade only the presence of P. llamasi has been reported; as a consequence, and also because of the biogeographic isolation of the Laguna de Chichancanab, we here investigated two southern populations, Procambarus sp. from Laguna de Chichancanab, Quintana Roo (LCh) and Procambarus llamasi from Ignacio Zaragoza, Campeche (IZa). We investigated these at the molecular level in order to determine if they are independent genetic units. The levels of genetic heterogeneity of the mitochondrial r16S and subunit I of the cytochrome oxidase (CO-I) genes are thus evaluated and contrasted to the levels of the cambarellinid, Cambarellus montezumae from the Xochimilco Channels, D.F. (XCh). The phylogenetic relations of these populations in relation to other Neartic and Neotropical astacoids (Astacidae and Cambaridae) and Caribbean atyids (Atyidae) were investigated. Levels of genetic diversity (h and π) in both r16S and CO-I were lower in the southeastern populations in relation to the Cambarellinae from central Mexico. For instance, π ranged from 0.00000 to 0.00149 for r16S and CO-I, respectively, in the southeastern populations, whereas the central population showed levels that ranged from 0.00250 to 0.00232 for the same gene regions. Both gene regions indicate significant levels of structuring among the southeastern populations (F ST, 0.714 and 0.612, P < 0.0001, for r16S and CO-I), and these results are supported by the lack of actual gene flow. However, in order to confirm this hypothesis a larger number of populations along the range of distribution of the species should be tested. The phylogenetic reconstruction by maximum parsimony (MP), minimum evolution (ME), and maximum likelihood (ML) of these populations and other astacids and atyids, confirms the monophyly of the two southeastern populations (P. llamasi) as well as of C. montezumae, and suggests that Cambaridae constitutes a non-monophyletic assemblage, a hypothesis herein confirmed by a total evidence Bayesian analysis. Se han reportado dos especies de cambaridos para la Peninsula de Yucatan, Procambarus llamasi y P. pilosimanus, este ultimo con una distribucion que va del sur de Veracruz al sur de Campeche. Sin embargo, durante la ultima decada solo se ha registrado la presencia de P. llamasi. Ademas y debido al aislamiento de la Laguna de Chichancanab, en el presente trabajo se investigan a nivel molecular a dos poblaciones surenas, Procambarus sp. de la Laguna de Chichancanab, Quintana Roo (LCh) y Procambarus llamasi de Ignacio Zaragoza, Campeche (IZa), para determinar si son unidades geneticas independientes. Se evaluan y contrastan los niveles de heterogeneidad de las subunidades mitocondriales r16S y citocromo oxidasa I (CO-I) con relacion a las del cambarelinido Cambarellus montezumae de los Canales de Xochimilco, D.F. (XCh). Se investigan las relaciones filogeneticas de estas poblaciones en relacion a especies de astacoideos Nearticos y Neotropicales (Astacidae y Cambaridae) y de atyidos caribenos (Atyidae). Los niveles de diversidad genetica (h and π) para r16S y CO-I fueron mas bajas en las poblaciones surenas en relacion al cambarelinido del centro de Mexico. Por ejemplo, π vario de 0,00000 a 0,00149 para r16S y CO-I, respectivamente, para las poblaciones surenas, mientras que para la poblacion central los valores variaron entre 0,00250 y 0,00232 para las mismas regiones. Ambas regiones genicas mostraron niveles significativos de estructuracion entre las poblaciones surenas (F ST, 0,714 y 0,612, P < 0,0001, para r16S y CO-I), resultados que son apoyados por los bajos niveles de flujo genico, sin embargo un mayor numero de poblaciones a lo largo de la distribucion de la especie deberan ser muestreadas para corroborar dicha hipotesis. La reconstruccion filogenetica de estas poblaciones y otros astacoideos y atyidos y por medio de maxima parsimonia (MP), minima evolucion (ME) y maxima verosimilitud (ML) confirman la monofilia de las dos poblaciones surenas (P. llamasi), asi como la de C. montezumae y sugieren que la familia Cambaridae es un ensamble no-monofiletico, hipotesis que se confirma con un analisis Bayesiano de evidencia total., Two species of cambarids have been reported for the Yucatan Peninsula, Procambarus llamasi and P. pilosimanus, the latter with a distribution that stretches from the south of Veracruz to the south of Campeche. However, during the last decade only the presence of P. llamasi has been reported; as a consequence, and also because of the biogeographic isolation of the Laguna de Chichancanab, we here investigated two southern populations, Procambarus sp. from Laguna de Chichancanab, Quintana Roo (LCh) and Procambarus llamasi from Ignacio Zaragoza, Campeche (IZa). We investigated these at the molecular level in order to determine if they are independent genetic units. The levels of genetic heterogeneity of the mitochondrial r16S and subunit I of the cytochrome oxidase (CO-I) genes are thus evaluated and contrasted to the levels of the cambarellinid, Cambarellus montezumae from the Xochimilco Channels, D.F. (XCh). The phylogenetic relations of these populations in relation to other Neartic and Neotropical astacoids (Astacidae and Cambaridae) and Caribbean atyids (Atyidae) were investigated. Levels of genetic diversity (h and π) in both r16S and CO-I were lower in the southeastern populations in relation to the Cambarellinae from central Mexico. For instance, π ranged from 0.00000 to 0.00149 for r16S and CO-I, respectively, in the southeastern populations, whereas the central population showed levels that ranged from 0.00250 to 0.00232 for the same gene regions. Both gene regions indicate significant levels of structuring among the southeastern populations (FST, 0.714 and 0.612, P < 0.0001, for r16S and CO-I), and these results are supported by the lack of actual gene flow. However, in order to confirm this hypothesis a larger number of populations along the range of distribution of the species should be tested. The phylogenetic reconstruction by maximum parsimony (MP), minimum evolution (ME), and maximum likelihood (ML) of these populations and other astacids and atyids, confirms the monophyly of the two southeastern populations (P. llamasi) as well as of C. montezumae, and suggests that Cambaridae constitutes a non-monophyletic assemblage, a hypothesis herein confirmed by a total evidence Bayesian analysis. Se han reportado dos especies de cambaridos para la Peninsula de Yucatan, Procambarus llamasi y P. pilosimanus, este ultimo con una distribucion que va del sur de Veracruz al sur de Campeche. Sin embargo, durante la ultima decada solo se ha registrado la presencia de P. llamasi. Ademas y debido al aislamiento de la Laguna de Chichancanab, en el presente trabajo se investigan a nivel molecular a dos poblaciones surenas, Procambarus sp. de la Laguna de Chichancanab, Quintana Roo (LCh) y Procambarus llamasi de Ignacio Zaragoza, Campeche (IZa), para determinar si son unidades geneticas independientes. Se evaluan y contrastan los niveles de heterogeneidad de las subunidades mitocondriales r16S y citocromo oxidasa I (CO-I) con relacion a las del cambarelinido Cambarellus montezumae de los Canales de Xochimilco, D.F. (XCh). Se investigan las relaciones filogeneticas de estas poblaciones en relacion a especies de astacoideos Nearticos y Neotropicales (Astacidae y Cambaridae) y de atyidos caribenos (Atyidae). Los niveles de diversidad genetica (h and π) para r16S y CO-I fueron mas bajas en las poblaciones surenas en relacion al cambarelinido del centro de Mexico. Por ejemplo, π vario de 0,00000 a 0,00149 para r16S y CO-I, respectivamente, para las poblaciones surenas, mientras que para la poblacion central los valores variaron entre 0,00250 y 0,00232 para las mismas regiones. Ambas regiones genicas mostraron niveles significativos de estructuracion entre las poblaciones surenas (FST, 0,714 y 0,612, P < 0,0001, para r16S y CO-I), resultados que son apoyados por los bajos niveles de flujo genico, sin embargo un mayor numero de poblaciones a lo largo de la distribucion de la especie deberan ser muestreadas para corroborar dicha hipotesis. La reconstruccion filogenetica de estas poblaciones y otros astacoideos y atyidos y por medio de maxima parsimonia (MP), minima evolucion (ME) y maxima verosimilitud (ML) confirman la monofilia de las dos poblaciones surenas (P. llamasi), asi como la de C. montezumae y sugieren que la familia Cambaridae es un ensamble no-monofiletico, hipotesis que se confirma con un analisis Bayesiano de evidencia total.]

Effect of organic carbon input on water and sediment quality in a lutjanid sea-cage farm

The effect of the entry of organic carbon on the sediment quality and its correlation with interfacial water and hydrographic conditions in a cage hammer farm was analyzed. The results indicate a correlation of water temperature and oxide potential Reduction in the deepest part of the water column with the organic carbon content (IOC) in the sediment. This result allows an easy access tool to know in an indirect way the organic enrichment of the sediment.

Color of Raw, Frozen, and Smoked Fillets of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed Diets Supplemented with Astaxanthin and Saponified Red Chilli (Capsicum annuum) Extracts

ABSTRACT Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed diets supplemented with astaxanthin and saponified red chilli extracts. Raw fillets resulted in a decrease of lightness (L*), hue (h*) and chroma (C*) values, and in an increase of redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values as diet feeding time increased. Frozen fillets showed a decrease in L* and h* values and an increase in a*, b*, and C* values, and exhibited differences of color (ΔE*) between 2.4 to 11.0 units depending on freezing time, when trout were fed diets containing 200 g.kg−1 (SC200) and 250 g.kg−1 (SC250) of saponified red chilli extracts compared with that obtained from feeding the trout a diet containing 100 g.kg−1 (CP) astaxanthin. During the smoking process, L* and a* values were not significantly different (p ≥ 0.05), and b*, h*, and C* values increased significantly (p < 0.05) with all the experimental diets. The astaxanthin containing diet produced fillets with a more reddish-pink color than the rest of the experimental diets.

Reproductive biology of Goodea atripinnis (Jordan, 1880) (cyprinodontiformes: goodeidae) under controlled conditions

The study was conducted to investigate the reproductive biology of Goodea atripinnis under controlled conditions in the Aguascalientes state. Fifty wild brooders were collected, acclimatized and reared to obtain two F1 that were cultured until reaching sexual maturation. Then, two males and one female were placed in 40-L aquariums maintained at an average water temperature of 24.4 ± 0.37°C under a 14 h light: 10 h dark photoperiod. The courtships description was obtained by observations and digital photographs. Furthermore, the gestation period, fertility, total weight (TW, g) and total length (TL, mm) of the both F1 offspring were recorded. Additionally, the TL and TW distributions, TL-TW relationship, sex ratio and size at first maturity were evaluated in each F1. During courtship, both brooders performed a quiver display before copulating. The females gave birth at eight and nine months of age. Females compared with males, reached a higher TW and TL. The TW-TL relationship differed significantly between the F1 sexes. The male: female sex ratio was 2.7:1.0 in the first F1 and 0.96:1.0 in the second one. The mature females of both F1 displayed an average of 24 offspring, with a mean TL of 15.4 ± 1.3 mm and TW of 0.040 ± 0.013 g. During their first year of life, the females gave birth twice with a 45day interval. The sexual maturity size (L50) of brooders averaged 42.0 mm for males and 47.9 mm for females. The results demonstrated a high reproductive potential in G. atripinnis. Joao Roberto Silva-Santos, Ma. Consolación Martínez-Saldaña, Roberto Rico-Martínez, José Luis Gómez-Márquez and José Luis Arredondo-Figueroa