José Manuel Igoa

On the autonomy of phonological encoding : evidence from slips of the tongue in Spanish

The present study focuses on the relationship between the processes of lexical retrieval and phonological encoding in sentence production. An analysis of spontaneous slips of the tongue in Spanish reveals that (1) there is as yet no clear evidence for a lexical bias effect on sublexical errors (segment movement and substitution), and hence for positive feedback from phonological encoding to the level of lexical representation; and (2) meaning and form appear to be largely dissociated in lexical errors, which lends support to the hypothesis that lexical retrieval proceeds in two independent stages during sentence production. These findings are discussed in the light of two alternative accounts of language production mechanisms: the interactive activation model and the structural, processing-stages model.

Movement errors and levels of processing in sentence production

From a corpus of 3,530 slips of the tongue in Spanish, a sample of 753 cases of movement errors was analyzed, comprising those tokens that could be unambiguously assigned to the major categories of anticipations, perseverations, exchanges, and shifts. The analysis was performed according to two main criteria: (a) the degree of correspondence between the linguistic elements interacting in an error, and (b) the distance between such elements in terms of the type and number of the intervening linguistic boundaries. The results of this analysis converge with those obtained in English, supporting a model of sentence planning with different levels of representation and processing. Furthermore, Spanish provides a clear case to attest the role of syllabic structure in production processes, the constraints set by word boundaries in sublexical errors, and the contribution of inflectional suffixes to the assignment of grammatical category to the root morphemes.

Anterobasal Temporal Lobe Lesions Alter Recurrent Functional Connectivity within the Ventral Pathway during Naming

An increasing amount of evidence supports a crucial role for the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in semantic processing. Critically, a selective disruption of the functional connectivity between left and right ATLs in patients with chronic aphasic stroke has been illustrated. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the consequences that lesions on the ATL have on the neurocognitive network supporting semantic cognition. Unlike previous work, in this magnetoencephalography study we selected a group of patients with small lesions centered on the left anteroventral temporal lobe before surgery. We then used an effective connectivity method (i.e., dynamic causal modeling) to investigate the consequences that these lesions have on the functional interactions within the network. This approach allowed us to evaluate the directionality of the causal interactions among brain regions and their associated connectivity strengths. Behaviorally, we found that semantic processing was altered when patients were compared with a strictly matched group of controls. Dynamic causal modeling for event related responses revealed that picture naming was associated with a bilateral frontotemporal network, encompassing feedforward and feedback connections. Comparison of specific network parameters between groups revealed that patients displayed selective network adjustments. Specifically, backward connectivity from anterior to posterior temporal lobe was decreased in the ipsilesional hemisphere, whereas it was enhanced in the contralesional hemisphere. These results reinforce the relevance of ATL in semantic memory, as well as its amodal organization, and highlight the role of feedback connections in enabling the integration of the semantic information.

On the Representation of Inflections and Derivations: Data from Spanish

The four experiments reported in this paper were designed to determine to what extent words are lexically represented in terms of their morphological structure. The experiments are carried out in Spanish, a language with rich morphological resources, using a priming paradigm and a lexical decision task. In particular, they examined the pattern of priming effects in regular inflected words with gender and in derived words, in comparison to those produced by orthographically and semantically related words, by manipulating form similarity and semantic transparency. The results showed, on the one hand, that regular inflected words produced reliable facilitatory effects which are not driven just by form relatedness (Experiments 1 and 2). On the other hand, they showed that both transparent and nontransparent derived forms produced facilitatory effects distinct from purely orthographic and semantic effects (Experiments 3 and 4.). In general, these findings suggest that morphological information is represented in the mental lexicon and may play a central role in the individuation and retrieval of lexical entries.

Adjetivos i-level y s-level. Nuevas evidencias experimentales

Una distincion ya clasica en la bibliografia linguistica diferencia dos tipos de adjetivos: los denominados adjetivos de nivel individual, como alto y los adjetivos de nivel de estadio como sucio (en lo sucesivo adjetivos i-level y s-level respectivamente, por su denominacion en ingles). Para Chierchia (1995), los adjetivos i-level presentan en su Estructura Argumental (EA) un argumento eventivo saturado desde el lexicon e interpretado en Forma Logica como generico, mientras que los adjetivos s-level presentan ese mismo argumento sin saturar en su EA. Para Kratzer (1995), por el contrario, solo los adjetivos s-level contarian en su EA con dicho argumento eventivo. El objetivo de esta investigacion es ofrecer evidencia que apoye una de estas dos propuestas teoricas. Para ello, una vez resumidas las conclusiones de trabajos anteriores (teoricos y empiricos), se presentara un experimento conductual, en el que se miden tiempos de lectura. Los resultados de este experimento parecen apoyar la propuesta de Chierchia (1995), dado que los adjetivos i-level muestran una mayor carga lexica (con efectos de coercion) que los adjetivos s-level .

Sobre las nociones de significado y representación en psicología y psicolingüística

Resumen El propósito de este artículo es examinar el papel del significado y la representación en la psicología y la psicolingüística. El problema del significado se examina primero desde una perspectiva ontológica, en la pretensión de explicar en virtud de qué ciertas cosas significan algo distinto de sí mismas. Bajo esta perspectiva, el significado se define como representación y remite al problema de la intencionalidad. El problema del significado se aborda luego desde una perspectiva psicológica, tratando de aclarar cómo se puede materializar la intencionalidad en un sistema físico y qué papel desempeña en la explicación del comportamiento. En la segunda parte del artículo se discute el papel del lenguaje como instrumento de comunicación de estados intencionales y como sistema de mediación en el desarrollo del pensamiento. A este respecto, se plantean preguntas y se avanzan contestaciones sobre la posibilidad de considerar el lenguaje natural, o alguno de sus niveles de representación, como vehículo de representación del pensamiento y como sistema auxiliar de acceso consciente a los productos del pensamiento.