José Ramón de Andrés Díaz

LINDE’S ICE-MAKING MACHINE. AN EXAMPLE OF INDUSTRIAL ARCHEOLOGY STUDY

This paper proposes a way to perform the study of an ancient machine from the viewpoint of the industrial archeology. The methodology is based on a number of steps and a schema to conduct the study, supported by a simulation of the machine. This approach is illustrated by its application to an ice-making machine of the nineteenth century. The ice-making machine is the one developed by Linde in 1880. Once it is finished, this type of studies and analysis may be very significant for any student or researcher that wants to understand the basis of this technology.

Environmental Behaviour of an Element of the Construction Sector

Most European cities use prefabricated cement-based materials to transform public spaces to be used by citizens. These facilities must be resistant, economic, functional and, above all, sustainable. Furthermore, civil works have a very high consumption level of raw materials and energy, which implies high environmental emissions. Ecodesign is a response to comply with these criteria throughout the lifecycle of a product in order to prevent or reduce its environmental impact. The Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology allows for evaluating all the processes related to a product, to identify key points and to establish a strategy for improvement. The main objective of this work is to show the results of the application of the LCA for the common precast concrete pavers used in civil works, analyzing their entire life cycle: from obtaining the raw materials for their production to the pavers’ end of life. The main reason for this LCA is to assess the environmental performance at the various stages of their life cycle and the environmental burdens associated with these stages, so that possible improvements can be identified.

HERRAMIENTA PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LA LUMINANCIA EN SEÑALES Y ANUNCIOS LUMINOSOS

The impact on electricity costs and the negative effects on environments such as astronomy, health and the environment, have led to public administrations regulate lighting installations considering light pollution as an important objective to counteract. Current regulations regarding light pollution set maximum luminance values, particularly in what concerns the assessment of signs and luminous announcements. The determination of the points of the scene where these peaks occur is subject to observation opinion of the technician who perform the action. The sensitivity of the human eye to brightness is nonlinear and misleading in that its purpose is to identify the scene and not the measure of values and light intensities. Moreover, the use of conventional luminance meter involves measuring point to point on the scene. This requires making many measurements in order to sweep the whole scene and determine where the maximum is reached. This action is not only tedious and error prone, but involves taking measurements at different successive instants which affects repeatability errors and variation over time in unstable scenarios. This paper proposes the use of digital cameras to evaluate the brightness, particularly for signs and luminous announcements. In this sense, digital photography has color and brightness information from all points within it. Originally, the information provided by the picture is oriented to the reproduction of the image so that contemplate some corrections and compensations to adapt to human vision.

ANALISIS COMPARATIVO Y JUSTIFICATIVO PARA EL CAMBIO A LEDS EN INSTALACIONES CON LAMPARAS DE HALOGENURO METÁLICO.

There is a growing interest in the new technology of LEDs and its application in street lighting. There is a theoretical energy saving due to the reduction of power and energy obtained by replacing the traditional discharge lamps with the equivalent LED luminaire lighting with similar performance. This study aims to go a step further in the pursuit of efficiency and energy savings in street lighting, analyzing a real case of changing lamps from one type on the other, in terms of economic efficiency and contrasting light quality. The results of the analysis lighting, electrical parameters, energy and performance, as defined in this study show that it is possible to obtain reductions of around 60% in the consumption of LED lamps with investments that are beginning to be memos profitable and amortization to four years. Keywords: Street lighting, LEDS, energy efficiency, metal halide lamps.