José Roberto Morales Piato

Immediate reconstruction following breast-conserving surgery: Management of the positive surgical margins and influence on secondary reconstruction

The efficacy of breast-conserving surgery for the local control of early breast cancer has been repeatedly evidenced. Although immediate reconstruction following breast-conserving surgery has been described, little information is available regarding surgical management in reoperative settings due to positive margins. We studied the influence of intraoperatively assessed and postoperatively controlled surgical margin status on the type of breast-conserving surgery and report our results regarding complications in a reoperative breast reconstruction scenario. All patients were seen by a multidisciplinary team who recommended breast-conserving surgery. According to the breast volume, ptosis and tumor size/location, the patients were also evaluated by a plastic surgeon, who recommended reconstruction with the appropriate technique. Intraoperative assessment of surgical margins was determined by histological examination of frozen sections. The mean follow-up time was 48 months. Two hundred and eighteen patients (88.5%) underwent breast-conserving surgery and immediate reconstruction. Twelve (5.5%) patients had a positive tumor margin after review of the permanent section. All patients underwent re-exploration. In 1.3%, a second reconstructive technique was indicated and in 2.2% a skin-sparing mastectomy with total reconstruction was performed. Our findings support the important role of the intraoperative assessment of surgical margins and its interference in the selection of reconstruction techniques and negative margins; however, it will not guarantee complete excision of the tumor. Success depends on coordinated planning with the oncologic surgeon and careful intraoperative management.

MRI to Predict Nipple Involvement in Breast Cancer Patients

OBJECTIVE The selection of breast cancer patients as candidates for nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is dependent on the preoperative detection of neoplastic involvement of the nipple-areola complex (NAC). This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of preoperative breast MRI as a noninvasive method to predict neoplastic involvement of the nipple. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 165 female breast cancer patients with a surgical plan that included total mastectomy or breast conservation surgery with the removal of the NAC. All patients underwent MRI before surgery on a 1.5-T unit with a 4-channel in vivo dedicated surface breast coil. One radiologist who was blinded to the results of the histologic evaluations of the specimens evaluated the MRI studies. RESULTS Of the 170 mastectomy specimens evaluated, 37 (21.8%) had neoplastic involvement of the NAC. The MRI findings of enhancement between the index lesion and the NAC and of nipple retraction were considered statistically significant predictors of nipple involvement in breast cancer patients (p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). The negative predictive value of the combination of these MRI findings was 83.3%. CONCLUSION Breast MRI is a safe noninvasive method to preoperatively evaluate breast cancer patients eligible for NSM with a high specificity and a high negative predictive value when enhancement between the index lesion and the nipple and nipple retraction are analyzed.

Metronomic chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting: results of two parallel feasibility trials (TraQme and TAME) in patients with HER2+ and HER2− locally advanced breast cancer

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has practical and theoretical advantages over adjuvant chemotherapy strategy in breast cancer (BC) management. Moreover, metronomic delivery has a more favorable toxicity profile. The present study examined the feasibility of neoadjuvant metronomic chemotherapy in two cohorts [HER2+ (TraQme) and HER2− (TAME)] of locally advanced BC. Twenty patients were prospectively enrolled (TraQme, n=9; TAME, n=11). Both cohorts received weekly paclitaxel at 100 mg/m2 during 8 weeks followed by weekly doxorubicin at 24 mg/m2 for 9 weeks in combination with oral cyclophosphamide at 100 mg/day (fixed dose). The HER2+ cohort received weekly trastuzumab. The study was interrupted because of safety issues. Thirty-six percent of patients in the TAME cohort and all patients from the TraQme cohort had stage III BC. Of note, 33% from the TraQme cohort and 66% from the TAME cohort displayed hormone receptor positivity in tumor tissue. The pathological complete response rates were 55% and 18% among patients enrolled in the TraQme and TAME cohorts, respectively. Patients in the TraQme cohort had more advanced BC stages at diagnosis, higher-grade pathological classification, and more tumors lacking hormone receptor expression, compared to the TAME cohort. The toxicity profile was also different. Two patients in the TraQme cohort developed pneumonitis, and in the TAME cohort we observed more hematological toxicity and hand-foot syndrome. The neoadjuvant metronomic chemotherapy regimen evaluated in this trial was highly effective in achieving a tumor response, especially in the HER2+ cohort. Pneumonitis was a serious, unexpected adverse event observed in this group. Further larger and randomized trials are warranted to evaluate the association between metronomic chemotherapy and trastuzumab treatment.

Variations in the body mass index in Brazilian women undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

PURPOSE To evaluate variations in the body mass index in patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, and to associate these changes with patients age and adjuvant chemotherapy regimen. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study in order to correlate any variation in the body mass index before and after adjuvant chemotherapy with patients age and adjuvant chemotherapy regimen. Patients who received any form of prior hormone therapy, such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, were excluded. We selected data for 196 patients with stage I to III breast cancer who were treated by radical or conservative surgery and received adjuvant chemotherapy at the Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS Before adjuvant chemotherapy, 67.8% of patients were classified as overweight or obese according to their body mass indices. Around 66.3% (95% CI 59.7-73.0) of the patients exhibited an increase in the body mass index after adjuvant chemotherapy. The average age of all patients was 56.3±11.3 years. Participants whose body mass index increased were younger than those with no increase (54.7±11.1 versus 59.3±11.2 years; p=0.007). Patients were treated with the following adjuvant chemotherapy regimens: doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel (AC-T, 129 patients, 65.8%); 5-fluoracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (36 patients, 18.4%); cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluoracil (16 patients, 8.2%); docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (7 patients, 3.6%); and other regimen (8 patients, 4.1%). The AC-T regimen showed a statistically significant association with increase in the body mass index (p<0.001 by ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS Most patients with breast cancer showed an increase in the body mass index after adjuvant chemotherapy, especially after the AC-T chemotherapy regimen.

Criteria for prediction of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in early-stage breast cancer.

PURPOSE To estimate the likelihood of axillary lymph node involvement for patients with early-stage breast cancer, based on a variety of clinical and pathological factors. METHODS A retrospective analysis was done in hospital databases from 1999 to 2007. Two hundred thirty-nine patients were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Predictive factors, such as patient age, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, histological grade and immunohistochemical subtype were analyzed to identify variables that may be associated with axillary lymph node metastasis. RESULTS Patients with tumors that are negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 had approximately a 90% lower chance of developing lymph node metastasis than those with luminal A tumors (e.g., ER+ and/or PR+ and HER2-) - Odds Ratio: 0.11; 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.88; p=0.01. Furthermore, the risk for lymph node metastasis of luminal A tumors seemed to decrease as patient age increased, and it was directly correlated with tumor size. CONCLUSION The molecular classification of early-stage breast cancer using immunohistochemistry may help predicting the probability of developing axillary lymph node metastasis. Further studies are needed to optimize predictions for nodal involvement, with the aim of aiding the decision-making process for breast cancer treatment.

Partial breast necrosis after myocardial revascularization

The use of the internal mammary artery (IMA) as well as implants of the autologous saphenous vein is a common procedure in myocardial revascularization The major complications related to IMA are associated with the surgical wound, such as osteomyelitis and sternal dehiscence, which occur in 0.5% to 5% of cases. 2 Infection of the median sternotomy is relatively infrequent but is a severe complication. Three decades ago, the mortality rate associated with such infections was close to 50%, but now with the use of sternal debridement and reconstruction with various flaps, (rectus abdominis myocutaneous, pectoralis major myocutaneous, and latissimus dorsi) or single muscle flap, it is less than 10%. 3 The association of cardiac surgery with partial or total breast necrosis is extremely rare, even in the presence of

Acurácia do Linfonodo Sentinela em Pacientes com Câncer Inicial da Mama Tratadas com Quimioterapia Neoadjuvante

Objetivo: avaliar a capacidade preditiva do estudo do linfonodo sentinela (LS) em relacao ao estado linfonodal axilar em pacientes com carcinoma invasor inicial de mama submetidas ou nao a quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Metodos: foi realizado estudo prospectivo de 112 pacientes, que foram divididas em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo foi constituido por 70 pacientes que nao receberam quimioterapia previa (Grupo I) e o segundo foi formado por 42 pacientes que foram submetidas a quimioterapia neoadjuvante, com tres ciclos do esquema AC (adriamicina + ciclofosfamida) (Grupo II). A resposta a quimioterapia foi parcial >50% em 21 pacientes, sendo que em tres foi completa, e parcial <50% em 19 pacientes; em duas pacientes houve progressao da doenca. Procedeu-se a injecao peritumoral de dextran marcado com 99mTc. A mesma foi realizada com auxilio de estereotaxia em 29 pacientes com tumores nao palpaveis, sendo 16 do grupo I e 13 do grupo II. Os acumulos radioativos demonstrados por cintilografia orientaram a biopsia do LS axilar, com auxilio de probe portatil. O estudo anatomopatologico dos LS compreendeu inicialmente um unico corte histologico. Os LS livres foram submetidos a cortes seriados a cada 50 mm e corados por HE. Resultados: o LS foi identificado em 108 pacientes. Em tres pacientes do grupo I e em uma do grupo II, nas quais nao se obteve identificacao do LS, as lesoes nao eram palpaveis. A acuracia do metodo na predicao do estado linfonodal axilar foi de 100% no grupo de pacientes que nao receberam quimioterapia neoadjuvante e de 93% naquele em que esta forma de tratamento previo foi utilizada. Essa diferenca se mostrou estatisticamente significante. Conclusoes: o presente trabalho possibilitou-nos concluir que em todas as pacientes que nao receberam tratamento quimioterapico previo o estudo do LS foi eficaz para predizer o estado dos linfonodos da axila. A taxa de resultados falso-negativos no grupo de pacientes submetidas a quimioterapia neoadjuvante parece invalidar o emprego do estudo do LS nas mesmas.

Breast necrosis induced by the use of coumadin: case report and review of literature

The coumadin-induced skin necrosis is rare and occurs more frequently in the breasts, thighs and buttocks. We describe the first case of coumadin necrosis of the breast in Brazil in a 62-year-old patient.

Intraoperative full-dose of partial breast irradiation with electrons delivered by standard linear accelerators for early breast cancer.

Purpose. To assess feasibility, efficacy, toxicity, and cosmetic results of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) with electrons delivered by standard linear accelerators (Linacs) during breast conserving surgeries for early infiltrating breast cancer (BC) treatment. Materials and Methods. A total of 152 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (T ≤ 3.0 cm) at low risk for local relapses were treated. All had unicentric lesions by imaging methods and negative sentinel node. After a wide local excision, 21 Gy were delivered on the parenchyma target volume with electron beams. Local recurrences (LR), survival, toxicity, and cosmetic outcomes were analyzed. Results. The median age was 58.3 years (range 40–85); median follow-up was 50.7 months (range 12–101.5). There were 5 cases with LR, 2 cases with distant metastases, and 2 cases with deaths related to BC. The cumulative incidence rates of LR, distant metastases, and BC death were 3.2%, 1.5%, and 1.5%, respectively. Complications were rare, and the cosmetic results were excellent or good in most of the patients. Conclusions. IORT with electrons delivered by standard Linacs is feasible, efficient, and well tolerated and seems to be beneficial for selected patients with early infiltrating BC.

Metástase oculta em linfonodo sentinela no câncer de mama em estádios iniciais

PURPOSE: sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer patients has been substituting the total axillary lymph node is presented dissection. The technique of processing the sentinel lymph node and the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of occult metastasis identification based on the standard histological and immunohistochemical examination. METHODS: between 2002 and 2005, 266 sentinel lymph nodes were harvested from axillary biopsy of 170 patients with early stage breast cancer. All lymph nodes were considered to be negative according to standard intra-operative cytological assessment. Lymph nodes were transversally sectioned in four or five slices and embedded in paraffin blocks. Two paraffin-embedded tissue sections with 4 µm in thickness were mounted on glass slides and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and immunoperoxidase (cytokeratin AE1/AE3) techniques. RESULTS: standard histological examination identified metastasis in 22 patients (12.9%) and micrometastatic disease was observed in six of these patients (3.5%). The immunohistochemical examination identified metastatic disease in 16 patients (9.4%). Among them, isolated tumor cells were observed in 11 (6.5%) and micrometastases were identified in five (2.9%). CONCLUSIONS: the association of the standard histological examination and immunohistochemical technique increases the chances of sentinel lymph node metastasis identification.