José Rodrigo de Moraes

Utilização de consulta médica e hipertensão arterial sistêmica nas áreas urbanas e rurais do Brasil, segundo dados da PNAD 2008

The use of medical consultations is influenced by determinants such as healthcare needs and service characteristics, which depend on whether the environment is urban or rural. The scope was to estimate the proportions of individuals attending medical consultations over the previous 12 months with and without self-reported systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) living in urban and rural areas, and to analyze the patterns of consultation use and associations. This was a sectional study, using PNAD 2008. Logistic regression was performed to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs), according to self-reported SAH and household situation. 70.6% of adult Brazilians consult physicians. The association between the presence of SAH and attending medical consultations was 3.63 (OR) times greater in urban areas. The incidence of consultation with physicians was greater among women, individuals using continuous medication or who had health insurance plans or funding for the last consultation, people who reported a disease or restriction in mobility and those with self-reported poor health, in all strata. Multivariate analysis modified the associations of all variables. The differences between the two areas suggested that access policies need to be implemented, with the aim of reducing inequalities.

Associação entre o estado de saúde autorreferido de adultos e a área de localização do domicílio: uma análise de regressão logística ordinal usando a PNAD 2008

The urban environment influences human health and behavior, and a clearer understanding of the health determinants of populations living in cities is needed. Using data from the National Household Sampling Survey (PNAD) 2008, with ordinal logistic models incorporating the sampling plan, this study assessed the association between the location of the home (urban or rural) and the self-reported state of health of the adult Brazilian population, taking into account a set of individual and environmental factors inside and outside the home. The results indicated that after allowing for individual and environmental factors, the association between the location of the home and the self-reported state of health is changing (going from OR = 1.51 to OR = 0.96) and losing its statistical significance (p-value = 0.208). However, statistically significant interactions were observed between the location of the home and the following variables: sex, color/race, self-reported morbidity, possession of basic goods and percentage of households with adequate living conditions.

Prevalence of self-reported systemic arterial hypertension in urban and rural environments in Brazil: a population-based study

Rape is a global public health problem, and steps have been taken to encourage studies on the issue and propose interventions for its prevention and appropriate care. This study aimed to characterize the population of female rape victims and describe the characteristics of the sexual assault and the care provided at a university referral center. This was a quantitative retrospective study of care provided to female rape victims from June 2006 to December 2010. The majority of the women (n = 687) were white, single, had no children, with a mean age of 23.7 years and primary to secondary schooling, employed, and practiced a religion. One-fourth of the victims reported no sexual intercourse prior to the sexual assault. Rape occurred mainly at night, on the street, perpetrated by a single stranger, with vaginal penetration, and with threatened or actual force. Most of the victims had reported the rape to someone and felt supported. Early care occurred for almost 90% of women, allowing preventive measures. From 2006 to 2010 there was an increase in the proportion of women that sought help. Better knowledge of the characteristics of this group and the event itself can help improve the structure and functioning of models to assist rape victims.The aims of this paper were to estimate the prevalence rates of self-reported high blood pressure among adults in urban and rural environments in Brazil and identify possible associations stratified according to household location. Data from the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) was used, incorporating information from the sampling plan. Logistic regression was used to obtain the odds ratio (OR) as a measure of association between variables and the outcome. The prevalence of self-reported high blood pressure in Brazil was 20.9%: 21% in urban areas and 20.1% in rural areas (OR = 1.06). In both areas, the likelihood of reporting high blood pressure increased with age and women, former smokers, migrants and individuals with morbidities, non-white individuals and individuals with health insurance were more likely to report this disease. Also, in both rural and urban areas, prevalence of high blood pressure was lower among workers and decreased with increasing levels of schooling. All variables showed an association with self-reported high blood pressure in both rural and urban areas, but differences in magnitude were observed in relation to sex and age group. These differences could help justify the promotion of better access and intervention methods at prevention clinics for different population groups.Rape is a global public health problem, and steps have been taken to encourage studies on the issue and propose interventions for its prevention and appropriate care. This study aimed to characterize the population of female rape victims and describe the characteristics of the sexual assault and the care provided at a university referral center. This was a quantitative retrospective study of care provided to female rape victims from June 2006 to December 2010. The majority of the women (n = 687) were white, single, had no children, with a mean age of 23.7 years and primary to secondary schooling, employed, and practiced a religion. One-fourth of the victims reported no sexual intercourse prior to the sexual assault. Rape occurred mainly at night, on the street, perpetrated by a single stranger, with vaginal penetration, and with threatened or actual force. Most of the victims had reported the rape to someone and felt supported. Early care occurred for almost 90% of women, allowing preventive measures. From 2006 to 2010 there was an increase in the proportion of women that sought help. Better knowledge of the characteristics of this group and the event itself can help improve the structure and functioning of models to assist rape victims.

Iniciativa Unidade Basica Amiga da Amamentacao e sua relacao com o aleitamento materno exclusivo

OBJECTIVE : To analyze the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and the association with the Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative. METHODS : Cross-sectional study, whose data source were research on feeding behaviors in the first year of life conducted in the vaccination campaigns of 2003 and 2006, at the municipality of Barra Mansa, RJ, Southeastern Brazil. For the purposes of this study, infants under six months old, accounting for a total of 589 children in 2003 and 707 children in 2006, were selected. To verify the relationship between being followed-up by Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative units and exclusive breastfeeding practice, only data from the 2006 inquiry was used. Variables that in the bivariate analysis were associated (p-value ≤ 0.20) with the outcome (exclusive breastfeeding practice) were selected for multivariate analysis. Prevalence ratios (PR) of exclusive breastfeeding were obtained by Poisson Regression with robust variance through a hierarchical model. The final model included the variables that reached p-value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS : The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding increased from 30.2% in 2003 to 46.7% in 2006. Multivariate analysis showed that mother’s low education level reduced exclusive breastfeeding practice by 20.0% (PR = 0.798; 95%CI 0.684;0.931), cesarean delivery by 16.0% (PR = 0.838; 95%CI 0.719;0.976), and pacifier use by 41.0% (PR = 0.589; 95%CI 0.495;0.701). In the multiple analysis, each day of the infant’s life reduced exclusive breastfeeding prevalence by 1.0% (PR = 0.992; 95%CI 0.991;0.994). Being followed-up by Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Initiative units increased exclusive breastfeeding by 19.0% (PR = 1.193; 95%CI 1.020;1.395). CONCLUSIONS : Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative contributed to the practice of exclusive breastfeeding and to the advice for pregnant women and nursing mothers when implemented in the primary health care network.OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and the association with the Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative. METHODS Cross-sectional study, whose data source were research on feeding behaviors in the first year of life conducted in the vaccination campaigns of 2003 and 2006, at the municipality of Barra Mansa, RJ, Southeastern Brazil. For the purposes of this study, infants under six months old, accounting for a total of 589 children in 2003 and 707 children in 2006, were selected. To verify the relationship between being followed-up by Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative units and exclusive breastfeeding practice, only data from the 2006 inquiry was used. Variables that in the bivariate analysis were associated (p-value ≤ 0.20) with the outcome (exclusive breastfeeding practice) were selected for multivariate analysis. Prevalence ratios (PR) of exclusive breastfeeding were obtained by Poisson Regression with robust variance through a hierarchical model. The final model included the variables that reached p-value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding increased from 30.2% in 2003 to 46.7% in 2006. Multivariate analysis showed that mothers low education level reduced exclusive breastfeeding practice by 20.0% (PR = 0.798; 95%CI 0.684;0.931), cesarean delivery by 16.0% (PR = 0.838; 95%CI 0.719;0.976), and pacifier use by 41.0% (PR = 0.589; 95%CI 0.495;0.701). In the multiple analysis, each day of the infants life reduced exclusive breastfeeding prevalence by 1.0% (PR = 0.992; 95%CI 0.991;0.994). Being followed-up by Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Initiative units increased exclusive breastfeeding by 19.0% (PR = 1.193; 95%CI 1.020;1.395). CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative contributed to the practice of exclusive breastfeeding and to the advice for pregnant women and nursing mothers when implemented in the primary health care network.

Impacto do tipo de incontinência urinária sobre a qualidade de vida de usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde no Sudeste do Brasil

PURPOSE: To identify the impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life (QoL), to compare the scores of QoL domains in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), overactive bladder (OAB) and mixed incontinence (MUI) and to establish the association between the clinical type of UI and the impact on QoL.METHODS: Data of 181 incontinent women attended at a public hospital were collected regarding age, body mass index (BMI) and co-morbidities. Kings Health Questionnaire (KHQ) was applied and patients were classified into two groups according to the self-assessment of incontinence impact. KHQ scores were compared by the Mann-Whitney test. Depending on their urinary symptoms, women were divided into SUI, OAB and MUI groups and their scores in the KHQ domains were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. The odds ratio (OR) of a woman reporting a worse effect of UI on QoL was estimated using the binary logistic model. The control variables were: age, BMI and number of co-morbidities.RESULTS: A significant difference was found between the two groups of self-assessment of UI impact for all KHQ domains. The MUI group showed worse scores than the SUI group for all domains, and OAB group, for limitation of physical and daily activities. There was a significant difference between the odds of the women in the SUI and MUI groups reporting worse effects of UI on QoL (OR=2.9; p=0.02).CONCLUSION: As reported at other reference services, MUI was the most commom type, and urinary loss had a moderate/major impact on QoL, affecting mainly role limitations domain. The adjusted analysis showed that women with MUI had almost three times greater odds of reporting worse impact on QoL than women with SUI.PURPOSE To identify the impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life (QoL), to compare the scores of QoL domains in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), overactive bladder (OAB) and mixed incontinence (MUI) and to establish the association between the clinical type of UI and the impact on QoL. METHODS Data of 181 incontinent women attended at a public hospital were collected regarding age, body mass index (BMI) and co-morbidities. Kings Health Questionnaire (KHQ) was applied and patients were classified into two groups according to the self-assessment of incontinence impact. KHQ scores were compared by the Mann-Whitney test. Depending on their urinary symptoms, women were divided into SUI, OAB and MUI groups and their scores in the KHQ domains were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. The odds ratio (OR) of a woman reporting a worse effect of UI on QoL was estimated using the binary logistic model. The control variables were: age, BMI and number of co-morbidities. RESULTS A significant difference was found between the two groups of self-assessment of UI impact for all KHQ domains. The MUI group showed worse scores than the SUI group for all domains, and OAB group, for limitation of physical and daily activities. There was a significant difference between the odds of the women in the SUI and MUI groups reporting worse effects of UI on QoL (OR=2.9; p=0.02). CONCLUSION As reported at other reference services, MUI was the most commom type, and urinary loss had a moderate/major impact on QoL, affecting mainly role limitations domain. The adjusted analysis showed that women with MUI had almost three times greater odds of reporting worse impact on QoL than women with SUI.

Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative and the relationship with exclusive breastfeeding

OBJECTIVE : To analyze the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and the association with the Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative. METHODS : Cross-sectional study, whose data source were research on feeding behaviors in the first year of life conducted in the vaccination campaigns of 2003 and 2006, at the municipality of Barra Mansa, RJ, Southeastern Brazil. For the purposes of this study, infants under six months old, accounting for a total of 589 children in 2003 and 707 children in 2006, were selected. To verify the relationship between being followed-up by Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative units and exclusive breastfeeding practice, only data from the 2006 inquiry was used. Variables that in the bivariate analysis were associated (p-value ≤ 0.20) with the outcome (exclusive breastfeeding practice) were selected for multivariate analysis. Prevalence ratios (PR) of exclusive breastfeeding were obtained by Poisson Regression with robust variance through a hierarchical model. The final model included the variables that reached p-value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS : The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding increased from 30.2% in 2003 to 46.7% in 2006. Multivariate analysis showed that mother’s low education level reduced exclusive breastfeeding practice by 20.0% (PR = 0.798; 95%CI 0.684;0.931), cesarean delivery by 16.0% (PR = 0.838; 95%CI 0.719;0.976), and pacifier use by 41.0% (PR = 0.589; 95%CI 0.495;0.701). In the multiple analysis, each day of the infant’s life reduced exclusive breastfeeding prevalence by 1.0% (PR = 0.992; 95%CI 0.991;0.994). Being followed-up by Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Initiative units increased exclusive breastfeeding by 19.0% (PR = 1.193; 95%CI 1.020;1.395). CONCLUSIONS : Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative contributed to the practice of exclusive breastfeeding and to the advice for pregnant women and nursing mothers when implemented in the primary health care network.OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and the association with the Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative. METHODS Cross-sectional study, whose data source were research on feeding behaviors in the first year of life conducted in the vaccination campaigns of 2003 and 2006, at the municipality of Barra Mansa, RJ, Southeastern Brazil. For the purposes of this study, infants under six months old, accounting for a total of 589 children in 2003 and 707 children in 2006, were selected. To verify the relationship between being followed-up by Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative units and exclusive breastfeeding practice, only data from the 2006 inquiry was used. Variables that in the bivariate analysis were associated (p-value ≤ 0.20) with the outcome (exclusive breastfeeding practice) were selected for multivariate analysis. Prevalence ratios (PR) of exclusive breastfeeding were obtained by Poisson Regression with robust variance through a hierarchical model. The final model included the variables that reached p-value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding increased from 30.2% in 2003 to 46.7% in 2006. Multivariate analysis showed that mothers low education level reduced exclusive breastfeeding practice by 20.0% (PR = 0.798; 95%CI 0.684;0.931), cesarean delivery by 16.0% (PR = 0.838; 95%CI 0.719;0.976), and pacifier use by 41.0% (PR = 0.589; 95%CI 0.495;0.701). In the multiple analysis, each day of the infants life reduced exclusive breastfeeding prevalence by 1.0% (PR = 0.992; 95%CI 0.991;0.994). Being followed-up by Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Initiative units increased exclusive breastfeeding by 19.0% (PR = 1.193; 95%CI 1.020;1.395). CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Unit Initiative contributed to the practice of exclusive breastfeeding and to the advice for pregnant women and nursing mothers when implemented in the primary health care network.

Prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica autorreferida nos ambientes urbano e rural do Brasil: um estudo de base populacional

Este artigo objetiva estimar as prevalencias da hipertensao arterial sistemica autorreferida de adultos nos ambientes urbano e rural do Brasil e identificar possiveis associacoes, estratificadas por situacao do domicilio. Utilizou-se a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD), incorporando as informacoes do plano amostral. Regressoes logisticas foram utilizadas para obter as medidas de associacao odds ratio (OR). A prevalencia da hipertensao arterial sistemica autorreferida no Brasil foi 20,9%, sendo 21% (urbana) e 20,1% (rural) (OR = 1,06). Em ambas as areas, a chance de referir hipertensao arterial sistemica aumentou com a idade, foi maior entre as mulheres, ex-fumantes, migrantes, portadores de morbidade, os de cor/raca nao branca e portadores de plano de saude. Tambem nas duas areas, a hipertensao arterial sistemica foi menor entre os trabalhadores e diminuiu com o aumento do numero de anos de estudo. Todas as variaveis se mostraram associadas com hipertensao arterial sistemica autorreferida, em ambas as areas, entretanto puderam ser observadas diferencas nas magnitudes em sexo e faixa etaria. Essas diferencas podem auxiliar na melhor forma de intervir nos servicos de prevencao e acesso de cada populacao.The aims of this paper were to estimate the prevalence rates of self-reported high blood pressure among adults in urban and rural environments in Brazil and identify possible associations stratified according to household location. Data from the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) was used, incorporating information from the sampling plan. Logistic regression was used to obtain the odds ratio (OR) as a measure of association between variables and the outcome. The prevalence of self-reported high blood pressure in Brazil was 20.9%: 21% in urban areas and 20.1% in rural areas (OR = 1.06). In both areas, the likelihood of reporting high blood pressure increased with age and women, former smokers, migrants and individuals with morbidities, non-white individuals and individuals with health insurance were more likely to report this disease. Also, in both rural and urban areas, prevalence of high blood pressure was lower among workers and decreased with increasing levels of schooling. All variables showed an association with self-reported high blood pressure in both rural and urban areas, but differences in magnitude were observed in relation to sex and age group. These differences could help justify the promotion of better access and intervention methods at prevention clinics for different population groups.

Relação entre plano de saúde e a realização do exame Papanicolaou: uma aplicação de escore de propensão usando um inquérito amostral complexo

Cervical uterine cancer is the second most common malignancy affecting women worldwide. Papanicolaou smear is a simple screening test that can detect the disease at an early and curable stage. Although indicated to every adult woman, Pap smear screening covers less than 70% of Brazilian women. This study aimed to evaluate if private health care insurance coverage was associated with Papanicolaou smear screening. We analyzed data from 6,299 women aged 35 years or older, resident in Rio de Janeiro state, who had been interviewed in the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) in 2003. In order to minimize the occurrence of biases, we utilized the propensity score matching method, considering all information from sample design in the scores estimation (sample weights, strata and primary sampling units). A sub-sample of 2,348 women was then obtained, with socioeconomic and biological covariates equally distributed between the groups with and without private health insurance coverage (1,174 pairs). Logistic regression model was then used and the results showed that the chance of Papanicolaou smear screening is 26.1% higher (OR=1.261; p=0,096; CI 95%= [0.96;1.66]) for women with health insurance coverage when compared to women without health insurance coverage at 10% of significance. The results indicate the need of extending periodic cervical cancer screening for all women, reducing the inequalities still present nowadays.

Capacitação de profissionais de saúde em aleitamento materno e sua associação com conhecimentos, habilidades e práticas

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the 15 hospitals with over 1000 deliveries/year in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to verify the association between training of health professionals in breastfeeding and professional knowledge, skills and practices. Interviews were staged with 215 health professionals, 48.4% working in Baby-Friendly Hospitals, by means of a questionnaire adapted from the revalidation instrument of the initiative. The three dichotomized outcomes were subjected to bivariate and multivariate analysis. Adjusted prevalence ratios were obtained by the Poisson regression model: 48.1% of the professionals had adequate knowledge, 58.9% adequate skills and 74.9% reported adequate practice. Theoretical and practical training ≥ 18 hours considered adequate (by 65.6% of the professionals) showed a significant association with professional knowledge (aPR = 1.575), skills (aPR = 1.530) and practices (aPR = 1.312). Less working experience was associated with less knowledge (aPR = 0.723), but with better practices (aPR = 1.183). Nursing staff reported better practices than physicians (aPR = 0.808) and other categories (aPR = 0.658). The study concludes that training contributes to improved breastfeeding knowledge, skills and practices that are essential for maternal and child care.A cross-sectional study was conducted in the 15 hospitals with over 1000 deliveries/year in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to verify the association between training of health professionals in breastfeeding and professional knowledge, skills and practices. Interviews were staged with 215 health professionals, 48.4% working in Baby-Friendly Hospitals, by means of a questionnaire adapted from the revalidation instrument of the initiative. The three dichotomized outcomes were subjected to bivariate and multivariate analysis. Adjusted prevalence ratios were obtained by the Poisson regression model: 48.1% of the professionals had adequate knowledge, 58.9% adequate skills and 74.9% reported adequate practice. Theoretical and practical training ≥ 18 hours considered adequate (by 65.6% of the professionals) showed a significant association with professional knowledge (aPR = 1.575), skills (aPR = 1.530) and practices (aPR = 1.312). Less working experience was associated with less knowledge (aPR = 0.723), but with better practices (aPR = 1.183). Nursing staff reported better practices than physicians (aPR = 0.808) and other categories (aPR = 0.658). The study concludes that training contributes to improved breastfeeding knowledge, skills and practices that are essential for maternal and child care.

Prevalence, clinical features and severity of allergic rhinitis in elderly: preliminary results

Background In the last years, studies have demonstrated that chronic rhinits is a common disorder in elderly patients, although epidemiologic data related to this population is sparing. Indeed, there is no information regarding the prevalence of rhinits in the elderly in Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, clinic features and severity of allergic rhinitis (AR) in the elderly and compare them with an age-matched group with non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). Methods Prospective study. Geriatric patients with nasal symptoms assisted at Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) Immunology Service in Niteroi, Brazil were analyzed upon clinical questionnaire, physical examination and skin prick test (SPT). Diagnosis of AR was made based on characteristic clinical findings and positive SPT result. For the diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis, it was required a negative SPT result among those with clinical positive findings. The two groups of patients – those with AR and NAR – were compared in terms of gender, age, clinical features, severity level and duration. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS 18,0 program. Results Thirty-two individuals above 60 years of age were included in the analysis. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 25%. The age in the sample ranged from 61 to 78 yo in the atopic group and from 60 to 85 yo in the non-atopic patients. In AR group, 7 were female (87,5%); of the patients in the group of NAR, 19 were female (79,2%). The most common symptom in atopic patients was nasal congestion following by rhinorrhea and in the other group, nasal congestion following by sneezing. There was no statistic difference between the prevalence of symptoms in both groups (p>0.05). There was no difference between the groups in terms of severity and duration of the symptoms. The majority of patients with AR and NAR (33% and 37, 5%, respectively) were classified as mild / persistent rhinitis.