Joseph G. Zinkl

Hematology and clinical chemistry of cyprinid fish. Common carp and goldfish.

Evaluation of the clinical status in aquatic species is compromised by the limited diagnostic techniques that can be performed in these species. The hematologic and plasma chemistry parameters can provide predictive information, although these parameters can be highly variable owing to the influence of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, these parameters are fairly stable in acclimated, well-managed fish if stress is reduced during collection and samples are properly collected and analyzed. Evaluation of any single parameter is not predictive and, therefore, not recommended. Ideally, the diagnostic protocol should include evaluation of the hematologic indices, total and differential cell counts, TPP, glucose, sodium, and chloride. The practitioner who is routinely involved in aquatic animal medicine should consider in-house evaluation of these parameters.

A Viral Epizootic in Cultured Populations of Juvenile Goldfish Due to a Putative Herpesvirus Etiology

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Inhibition of brain cholinesterase activity in forest birds and squirrels exposed to aerially applied acephate

Inhibition of Brain Cholinesterase Activity in Forest Birds and Squirrels Exposed to Aerially Applied Acephate Joseph G. Zinkl 1,2, Richard B. Roberts 3, Charles J. Henny 4, David J. Lenhart ~ 2Dept. of Clinical Pathology, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616, 3Formerly, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta., U.S. Forest Serv., Berkeley, CA 94701. Presently, Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 4patuxent Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Corvallis, OR 97330, sU.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., Portland, OR 97208

Technical and Biological Considerations for the Analysis of Brain Cholinesterase of Rainbow Trout

Abstract This study was conducted in order to determine how various technical and biological factors affect brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Brain ChE activity increased in proportion to increasing temperature to 20°C, but at higher temperatures, the ChE activity increased at a slower rate and was absent at 45°C. Brain ChE activity remained stable for a long time when the rainbow trout were stored at −20°C or lower, and short (2-d) storage at 4°C was not detrimental; dead fish left 1 d at ambient water temperature also did not have lower ChE activities. Habitat temperature did not affect brain ChE activity significantly. Small rainbow trout had markedly higher brain ChE activities than large fish.

Cytokeratin-filament expression in epithelial and non-epithelial tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract.Cytokeratin expression in mammals is generally restricted to epithelial cells and has been utilized to differentiate epithelial from nonepithelial tissues in these species. Since cytokeratins have been shown to be highly conserved during vertebrate evolution, the objective of the present study has been to ascertain the expression pattern of cytokeratins in tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A panel of 10 anti-human cytokeratin antibodies was evaluated using a streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex detection system. Tissues were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, 100% ethanol or methacarn. Only formalin-fixed tissues were pre-digested with trypsin prior to immunostaining. Formalin-fixed tissues generally resulted in a less intense, more diffuse staining pattern with considerable background compared with ethanol and methacarn and was therefore the least desirable fixative. The diverse staining pattern observed with the various antibodies used in this study was consistent with previous findings in other teleosts. The results confirm that cytokeratin expression in teleosts is fundamentally different from that in mammals and therefore should be used as a method to differentiate epithelial cell types in these species only with discretion.

Toxicity of acephate and methamidophos to dark-eyed juncos.

The calculated, acute oral LD50 of acephate and methamidophos to dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) was 106 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg, respectively. Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity in birds that died after acephate poisoning was depressed 80% below that of control birds. Birds that died of acute methamidophos poisoning had brain ChE depression of 60%. The birds killed by acephate had brain acephate residue concentrations greater than 2 mg/kg and methamidophos concentrations usually greater than 0.25 mg/kg. Eighty percent of the birds killed with methamidophos had brain methamidophos concentrations greater than 0.1 mg/kg. The five-day feeding LC50 for acephate was 1485 mg/kg. Brain ChE activities of birds which died early in the study were less depressed (51.5%) than those which died at a later date (69.6%). Brain residues of acephate and methamidophos were lower in these birds than in the birds of the acute oral LD50 studies. Brain ChE activity returned to normal within three days after the birds received a single sublethal dose of acephate. These studies indicate that the amount of acephate needed to produce the ChE depression found in other investigations in most dark-eyed juncos exposed to forest applications of insecticide is about one-fifth of the LD50; however, in a few birds the ChE activity may be depressed to near lethal levels.

Erythrocytic enzymes and glycolytic intermediates in the normal bovine and in bovine erythropoietic porphyria.

Abstract 1. 1. Erythrocyte metabolism in normal and erythropoietic porphyric cattle was studied by determining enzyme activities and concentrations of metabolic intermediates. 2. 2. In the normal bovine cells, HK activity was the lowest of the glycolytic enzymes and concluded to be rate limiting. 3. 3. HK, PFK and PK reactions were also found to be displaced greatly from their equilibria as determined by their substrate-product concentrations. 4. 4. In the porphyric erythrocytes, PFK activity was decreased and GPI, aldolase, GAP-D, 6PG-D and GR activities were greater than in normal erythrocytes. 5. 5. Statistically significant inverse correlations were found between erythrocyte COPRO and in PROTO concentrations and PFK, GPI, PGAM and PK activities, and between erythrocyte PROTO concentrations and enol. activity. 6. 6. Porphyrin induced decrease in enzyme activities, possibly PFK alone, was considered to be a major determinant of erythrocyte survival in bovine erythropoietic porphyria.

Erthrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in normal and porphyric fetal, neonatal and adult cattle☆

Abstract 1. 1. Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) was determined in normal and porphyric bovine fetuses, newborns and adults by an enzymatically coupled assay. 2. 2. The erythrocyte 2,3-DPG in the normal adult bovine was 13·4 ± 2·1 mμM/ml RBC in the porphyric adult. 3. 3. The 2,3-DPG was found to be high in the youngest fetuses and progressively declined during gestation. 4. 4. After birth, 2,3-DPG increased to its highest levels followed by a gradual decline to adult levels at 2 months. Changes during the neonatal period paralleled the disappearance of Hb F. 5. 5. The pattern of changes of 2,3-DPG was similar though more pronounced in the porphyric cattle.

Immunological Cross-Reactivity of Type I–III Intermediate Filaments in the Common Carp: In Situ Localization with Use of Heterologous Antibodies

Abstract The intermediate filaments (IFs) are a multigenic family of 10-nm cytoskeletal polypeptides that have been partially classified according to their cell-specific expression patterns in mammals. Since the IFs have been highly conserved during vertebrate evolution, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the immunological cross-reactivity and tissue distribution patterns of IF types I, II, and III in the common carp Cyprinus carpio. A panel of six heterologous antibodies were evaluated with a streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase complex detection system. The monoclonal antibody AE3, specific for human cytokeratins 1–8 (type II IFs), stained a wide variety of epithelial and nonepithelial tissues. Staining with the AEI monoclonal antibody, specific for human cytokeratins 10, 14–16, and 19 (type 1 IFs), resulted in similar, although generally less intense, staining of all tissues relative to the AE3 antibody. However, the AE1 antibody stained myocardial and skeletal muscle fibers in contrast to th...

Ultrastructural analysis of platelets and megakaryocytes from a dog with probable essential thrombocythemia.

Blood platelets and bone marrow megakaryocytes from a dog with essential thrombocythemia were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and compared with those of control dogs. Platelets varied in size and shape and contained enlarged and dilated open canalicular systems. Megakaryocytes were dysmorphic and had evidence of abnormal maturation, with large numbers of megakaryoblasts containing alpha granules and poorly organized and reduplicated demarcation membranes. The fewer, more mature megakaryocytes lacked normal cytoplasmic organization. Most notable was the absence of well-demarcated “platelet fields,” due to the excessive and disorderly array of demarcation membranes.