Joseph Galaskiewicz

Advances in social network analysis : research in the social and behavioral sciences

Introduction - Joseph Galaskiewicz and Stanley Wasserman Advances in the Social and Behavioral Sciences from Social Network Analysis PART ONE: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND DIFFUSION Network Studies of Social Influence - Peter V Marsden and Noah E Friedkin Epidemiology and Social Networks - Martina Morris Modeling Structured Diffusion Statistical Models for Social Support Networks - Michael E Walker, Stanley Wasserman and Barry Wellman Social Cognition in Context - Philippa Pattison Some Applications of Social Network Analysis PART TWO: ANTHROPOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION Anthropological Contributions to the Study of Social Networks - Jeffrey C Johnson A Review Primate Social Networks - Donald Stone Sade and Malcolm M Dow Network Analysis and Computer-Mediated Communication Systems - Ronald E Rice PART THREE: POLITICS AND ORGANIZATIONS Intraorganizational Networks - David Krackhardt and Daniel J Brass The Micro Side Networks of Interorganizational Relations - Mark S Mizruchi and Joseph Galaskiewicz Marketing and Social Networks - Phipps Arabie and Yoram Wind Networks of Elite Structure and Decision Making - David Knoke

An urban grants economy revisited: Corporate charitable contributions in the twin cities, 1979-81, 1987-89

Funding for this study was provided by the National Science Foundation (SES 80-08570, SES 83-19364, and SES 8812702), the Program on Nonprofit Organizations at Yale University, the Northwest Area Foundation, and the University of Minnesota. Special thanks to Denise Hesselton, Alisa Potter, Naomi Kaufman, Yoshito Ishio, Kimberly Simmons, and Lisa Atkinson for their help in collecting and filing the data and to Hilda Daniels for her word processing. I would also like to thank Paul DiMaggio, the Associate Editor Mark Mizruchi, and three anonymous ASQ reviewers for a careful and insightful reading of the manuscript. Preliminary findings from this research were presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 27, 1991. The author cautions readers that the analyses and conclusions were current for 1989 and do not necessarily describe conditions in MinneapolisSt. Paul subsequently.

Structural embeddedness and the liability of newness among nonprofit organizations

Ecological studies have consistently reported that younger organizations are more likely to close or disband than older organizations. This article uses neo-institutional theory and social capital theory to explore this finding. We derive hypotheses from these perspectives and test them on a panel of nonprofit organizations in Minneapolis-St Paul (USA) using event history analysis. We find that larger organizations and organizations more dependent upon private donations are less likely to close, and government funding reduces the age effect on mortality; that is, older and younger publicly funded organizations are equally likely to survive or fail. However, among older organizations, not having government funding increases chances of survival. In contrast, volunteer staffing accentuates the age effect. Older organizations that were more dependent on volunteers had a lower likelihood of closure than younger organizations dependent on volunteers, while age had no effect on closure for organizations not dependent on volunteers. We conclude by examining our findings in light of the extant thinking on the liability of newness and the role of institutional and network embeddedness on the chances of organizational survival.

Nonprofit Boards: Crucibles of Expertise or Symbols of Local Identities?

Nonprofit boards, as boundary spanners, often serve the institutional purpose of affording legitimacy to organizations. Neo-institutional theory suggests that nonprofit organizations, as particularly susceptible to legitimacy demands of changing environments, would tend toward rationalizing internal structures. This article, using historical panel data, explores the extent of one form of rationalization, recruiting trustees with college education and/or professional or managerial occupations. It finds that trustees with college education, managers, and professionals continue to have significant representation on nonprofit boards. Also, many boards are increasingly less exclusive with respect to gender, race, and religion. Some select nonprofit boards, however, continue to be dominated by different gender, racial, and religious identities, suggesting that nonprofit boards also serve the purpose of representing different identity and/or interest groups in the community.

Social Network Analysis: Concepts, Methodology, and Directions for the 1990s

Network analysis has been used extensively in sociology over the last twenty years. This special issue of Sociological Methods & Research reviews the substantive contributions that network analysis has made to five areas: political sociology, interorganizational relations, social support, social influence, and epidemiology. To introduce the novice to current developments in the field, this introductory article presents an overview of the key concepts and methods which are popular among sociologists and which have been used to advance knowledge in these substantive areas. Remaining articles are also discussed briefly, with speculations offered on some of the more promising avenues of inquiry recently under exploration.

Tales From the Grave Organizations' Accounts of Their Own Demise

Competing theories of organizational behavior offer a variety of reasons why organizations cease to exist. Some reasons are internal to the organization, such as losing control over financial matters and being unable to routinize procedures. Other reasons are environmental, such as changing market conditions, lacking social capital, outside regulation, and not being perceived as legitimate by external power holders. The authors interviewed representatives from dead nonprofit organizations to determine the extent to which these theoretical explanations match with respondent understandings of why their organizations closed. Respondents were more likely to attribute death to their smallness, youth, financial difficulties, personnel turnover, being perceived as unimportant, or decreased demand for their services. Organizations that said they were “too young” or “too small” were more likely to say that they were too disconnected from other organizations in the community, thus shedding light on why youth and smallness are such a liability for organizations.

Interorganizational resource networks: Formal patterns of overlap

Abstract In this paper, we analyze an interorganizational resource network involving three resources—information, money, and support-and a broad range of 73 organizations in a medium size American community. Mutuality is strongest for information flows, and weakest for money flows. “Multiplex” patternings—flows of two media in the same direction—are found for all three pairs of resources, while “exchange” effects—flows of two media in opposite directions—involving information and money, and information and support, but not money and support, are also indicated. Moreover, the tendencies toward symmetry in the information and support networks are accentuated in the presence of one another. The analysis suggests that information flows play a crucial role in conditioning the flows of the other resources, and that they may be a precondition to the establishment of more elaborate interorganizational networks.

A Dynamic Study of Change in a Regional Corporate Network

We adapt a class of new stochastic models for social networks to the study of social change in corporate interlock networks. Data on a regional (Minnesota) network are used to verify several descriptive hypotheses drawn from the existing literature concerning interlocking directorates. We conclude that corporations are more likely to make reciprocal board linkages asymmetric than they are to reciprocate asymmetric ties, popular firms are just as likely as less popular firms to be recruited to new boards, popular firms are more likely than less popular firms to leave boards, and nonfinancial business organizations are more likely to form new board ties with commercial banks and insurance companies than with other nonfinancial firms.

Estimating point centrality using different network sampling techniques

Abstract The paper outlines the methodological choices that analysts must make when sampling social networks and assesses the impact of different sampling techniques on the estimation of network parameters. Using data from Galaskiewiczs (1919) study of Towertown and River City, the results show the extent to which sampling percentage, the number of trials/estimates, sampling procedure, and network size and density affect the ability of researchers to estimate the point centrality of organizations in networks of information and money transactions.

Some generalizations of p1: External constraints, interactions and non-binary relations

Abstract In 1977, Holland and Leinhardt introduced a new statistical approach to sociometric data analysis. The details of their approach, based on a model termed P 1 , were published in 1981 in papers by Holland and Leinhardt, and Fienberg and Wasserman. Since then, many researchers have adopted this model, addressing substantive questions that were unanswerable with existing methodology. The continuing methodological research of Fienberg and Wasserman has allowed this approach to be applied to many different types of sociometric data. We carry on this research by extending p 1 to three new situations: networks of such size that it is impossible for every actor to have contact or knowledge of the other actors; networks in which actor interaction can not be adequately modeled by the simple additive main effects of expansiveness and popularity; and networks in which we measure the strength of the relationship between actors using a non-binary or multivalued relational quantity.