Joseph L. Polman

Dialogic Activity Structures for Project-Based Learning Environments

Activity structures such as classroom lessons and initiation-reply-evaluation sequences are important cultural tools that help students and teachers accomplish everyday activity, but they are not well adapted to open-ended inquiry conducted by students in small groups with teacher guidance. In this research, I identified alternative activity structures that better enable teachers to scaffold childrens performance of open-ended projects involving artifact construction. A case study and discourse analysis from an earth science class show how dialogic activity structures at 2 time scales support students in learning the discipline of science. At the scale of a multiweek unit, an activity structure embodies aspects of science practice such as assembling data to support claims. At the scale of verbal exchanges, action negotiation dialogues, student questioning dialogues, and action feedback dialogues help the teacher to guide students in their work while requiring that students maintain agency. I discuss implications for the design of project-based learning environments.

Changing Stories Trajectories of Identification Among African American Youth in a Science Outreach Apprenticeship

This article reports on a descriptive study of youth identity as developing through “trajectories of identification” in a science outreach apprenticeship program designed to transition urban African American youth to professional work and career aspirations. A sociocultural framework of identity development is utilized, incorporating the notions of prolepsis, negotiated identity positioning, taking on roles of agency and purpose, and working in a borderland that hybridizes culture. Interpretive case studies focusing on such trajectories of identification were conducted in a program combining an out-of-school science and engineering learning environment with an outreach workplace for high school aged youth. The cases show the promise and pitfalls of the program’s attempts to position the youth along positive trajectories.