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Dive into the research topics where Joseph Schwarzwald is active.

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Featured researches published by Joseph Schwarzwald.


Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology | 1998

Prejudice toward Immigrants to Spain and Israel An Integrated Threat Theory Analysis

Walter G. Stephan; Oscar Ybarra; Carmen Martnez Martnez; Joseph Schwarzwald; Michal Tur-Kaspa

An integrated threat theory composed of four variables was used to predict attitudes toward immigrant groups in Spain and Israel. The four threats are symbolic threats based on value differences between groups; realistic threats to the power, resources, and well-being of the in-group; anxiety concerning social interaction with out-group members; and feelings of threat arising from negative stereotypes of the out-group. All four threats were significant predictors of attitudes toward one or more of the immigrant groups. It was predicted, and found, that intergroup anxiety and negative stereotypes were more powerful and consistent predictors of prejudicial attitudes toward immigrants than were realistic threats or symbolic threats. The implications of the theory for the causes and reduction of prejudice were discussed.


Journal of Traumatic Stress | 2001

Hardiness: An Examination of its Relationship with Positive and Negative Long Term Changes Following Trauma

Mark Waysman; Joseph Schwarzwald; Zahava Solomon

Two models positing direct versus moderating effects of hardiness were examined in relation to long term positive and negative changes following exposure to traumatic stress. Participating in the study were 164 Israeli POWs and a matched group of 184 veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires that included the Personal Views Survey (hardiness); the Trait, Attitude, and Behavior Change questionnaire; and questions related to their captivity/war experiences. Findings were consistent with a model that posits moderating effects of hardiness on both long term negative and positive changes. The discussion addresses the possible role of hardiness in relation to negative and positive outcomes of traumatic events.


Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | 1993

Coping of School-Age Children in the Sealed Room during Scud Missile Bombardment and Postwar Stress Reactions.

Matisyohu Weisenberg; Joseph Schwarzwald; Mark Waysman; Zahava Solomon; Avigdor Klingman

Childrens coping behaviors in the sealed room (a shelter against chemical and biological weapons) during scud missile attacks in the Persian Gulf war were examined in relation to postwar stress reactions. Three weeks after the war, 5th, 7th, and 10th graders (N = 492) completed questionnaires assessing coping behaviors and emotional responses in the sealed room, as well as current stress reactions and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite an underlying feeling of tension, the dominant emotional stance in the sealed room was one of detached optimism. Common forms of coping involved information seeking, checking, and wishful thinking. Emotion-focused coping such as avoidance and distraction strategies was associated with less postwar stress reactions than persistence at direct problem-focused actions once the minimal actions available had been undertaken. Fifth graders were found to use less emotion-focused and more problem-focused coping strategies than were the 7th and 10th graders.


Pain | 1995

Humor as a cognitive technique for increasing pain tolerance

Matisyohu Weisenberg; Inbal Tepper; Joseph Schwarzwald

&NA; Substantial research has demonstrated that cognitive psychological techniques including distraction can increase pain tolerance. In recent years, there also have been claims that humor and laughter possess unique characteristics for coping with pain and stress. Theoretically, explanations include the release of endorphins, the lowering of tension, as well as the distraction that results from humor. The question is whether humor is more effective than simple distraction. For this purpose humor was contrasted with a repulsive stimulus and a neutral stimulus controlled for interest level, that would also have distraction capabilities but not the unique aspects of humor. Pain tolerance was tested using cold pressor stimulation. Four groups (20 subjects in each) were tested. Three groups were shown a film: (1) a humorous film, (2) a repulsive film, (3) a neutral film. Group 4 was not shown any film. Results indicated that both the humor and repulsive groups showed a significant increase in pain tolerance as compared to the other groups. The repulsive group yielded the largest increase in pain tolerance although not different from the humor group. Except for sex differences, pain ratings did not show any group effects. Discussion focused on the type of distraction that would be meaningful for increasing pain tolerance and on the place of humor in pain control.


Applied Psychology | 2001

On the Relationship between Subordinates’ Compliance to Power Sources and Organisational Attitudes

Meni Koslowsky; Joseph Schwarzwald; Sigal Ashuri

Social power involves the potential to influence others and is important in explaining organisational outcomes. Based on the assumptions posited in Raven’s (1992, 1993) power interaction model, we examined a set of potential antecedents and correlates of power sources. Participating in the study were 232 nurses and 32 supervisors from two municipal hospitals. Nurses and supervisors were asked to complete a battery of questionnaires including demographic items, the Interpersonal Power Inventory, job satisfaction, and organisational commitment. Convergent and discriminate validity of the power inventory yielded satisfactory results. Principal component analyses of the power inventory revealed a two-factor solution (harsh/soft sources) which was then used for comparison with predictors and outcome data. Among the major findings were the fact that compliance to power sources appears to be contingent on objective and subjective indices of professional distance between supervisors and subordinates, supervisor seniority in the department, and the type of promotion (from without or within department). Job satisfaction was found to be positively related to compliance with soft sources and negatively with harsh sources whereas commitment was positively associated with both.


Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | 1983

The Foot-in-the-Door Paradigm Effects of Second Request Size on Donation Probability and Donor Generosity

Joseph Schwarzwald; Aharon Bizman; Moshe Raz

This study examines the impact of second requests on the percentage of donors and on donation size. In the initial stage of the study, half of the subjects were asked to sign a petition for the establishment of a social club for the handicapped. The second stage was conducted on the National Collection Day for the Rehabilitation of the Mentally Handicapped. Petition signers were asked to donate either an amount of money of their own discretion or a predetermined amount (£40,50, or 60) requested by the canvasser. While the foot-in-the-door paradigm alone enhanced the percentage of donors, the present study indicates that donation size can also be elevated by requesting specified amounts.


Journal of Traumatic Stress | 1994

Stress reactions of school-age children to the bombardment by scud missiles: a 1-year follow-up

Joseph Schwarzwald; Matisyohu Weisenberg; Zahava Solomon; Mark Waysman

Follow-up long-term stress effects to bombardment by scud missiles were restudied 1 year following the Persian Gulf war in a group of 326 6th, 8th, and 11th grade children from areas hit and not hit by the missiles. Postwar stress reactions were assessed by a continuous global symptom score (Frederick and Pynoos, 1988) and by a dichotomous PTSD index. Overall, a large drop in stress reactions was obtained with lapse of time. Residual long-term stress reactions were found to be associated with higher immediate (4-week) stress reactions, a greater degree of exposure, and younger age. Results were discussed in relation to residual and evaporation of stress reaction effects as well as in terms of childhood resilience.


Journal of Social Issues | 1999

Gender, Self‐Esteem, and Focus of Interest in the Use of Power Strategies by Adolescents in Conflict Situations Schwarzwald and Koslowsky

Joseph Schwarzwald; Meni Koslowsky

Considerable evidence indicates that an individuals preference of power strategies for gaining compliance is associated with personal and social variables that may affect the quality of the relationship between the parties involved. This study examined how adolescents manage conflict situations and tested the importance of personal and situational characteristics in choosing power strategies for influencing others. Using Ravens (1992, 1993) power interaction model of interpersonal influence, hypotheses regarding the relationship between gender, self-esteem, and focus of interest (self versus group), on the one hand, and power choice, on the other hand, were formulated. Eighth graders (N = 356) were given scenarios of conflict situations and were asked to indicate the extent to which they would resort to each of the power strategies listed in the questionnaire to influence the other party in the scenario. Gender and focus of interest explained most of the observed variance. Boys, as compared to girls, indicated greater influence attempts regardless of strategy type. Adolescents with a self-interest focus, as compared to those with a group interest focus, resorted more to coercion and less to dependence. Low-self-esteem adolescents preferred reciprocity when compared with high-self-esteem ones. Because gender differences explained the bulk of the variance, the discussion emphasized social ramifications concerning cross-cultural differences and gender role development as they relate to power strategy preferences.


British Journal of Educational Psychology | 2006

Factors related to perceived power usage in schools

Joseph Schwarzwald; Meni Koslowsky; Shlomit Brody-Shamir

Based on Ravens (1992) power interaction model, situational and personal variables were examined as determinants of power choice in educational settings. The impact of educational sector (secular, religious), class level, gender and content of conflict on perceived power usage in teacher-pupil conflicts was analysed. A total of 370 elementary and junior high school pupils and 62 teachers from the same schools responded to a series of scenarios where they were asked how often specific power bases are used by teachers in trying to gain compliance. Results indicated that harsh power bases were perceived as more prevalent in the secular educational sector rather than in the religious one, in junior high school rather than elementary school, for boys as compared with girls, and for conflicts stemming from students rather than teachers. Findings were interpreted in terms of conformity level and frequency of conflicts. The discussion also addresses the lack of correspondence between teacher and pupil responses.


Pain | 1996

The influence of warning signal timing and cognitive preparation on the aversiveness of cold-pressor pain

Matisyohu Weisenberg; Joseph Schwarzwald; Inbal Tepper

&NA; This study examined the role of prior warning time, cognitive preparation and self‐efficacy in the reaction to cold‐pressor pain that has a substantial stimulus duration and leaves a residual effect. Forty‐eight, paid, male subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 cognitive preparation groups: (1) Training group, provided with a self‐instructional booklet of pain control techniques, (2) Citizenship group, to control for reading a booklet, and (3) Control group with no advanced preparation. Warning times used on a within‐subjects basis were 0, 30, and 180 sec prior to immersion of their arms in cold water. Results indicated that overall, the 180 sec warning time yielded the lowest pain ratings. Warning time had no effect on duration in water for subjects who underwent training, but the 30 sec and 180 sec warning time yielded longer duration in water, for subjects in the other groups. The Training group preparation was effective in raising perceived self‐efficacy for coping with pain which, in turn, was found to be correlated with pain tolerance. Perceived self‐efficacy was also found to have an effect on heart rate with high scorers yielding a lower reaction upon immersion into the cold water compared to the low scorers. The results point to the need to consider the effect of the stimulus characteristics and the centrality of perceived self‐efficacy when preparing a subject prior to pain stimulation.

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Mario Mikulincer

Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya

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