Joze P. Damijan

Financial constraints and the cyclicality of R&D investment: evidence from Slovenia

This paper uses firm level data to show how R&D investment responds to shocks in sales growth in credit constrained firms. A credit constrained firm has to rely on its cash flow and borrowing capacity to survive its short-run liquidity shock when hit by a negative shock. This reduces the possibility for further borrowing in order to invest in non-tangible long term R&D, hence a negative shock should hit R&D investments more in firms that are more credit constrained. We find that in financially constrained firms sales growth is positively associated with R&D investment, suggesting procyclical behavior of R&D investment in credit constrained firms. In contrast, we find that in firms with no financial constraints R&D investment is negatively correlated with sales growth, suggesting countercyclical behavior of R&D, consistent with the Schumpeterian idea of restructuring. Furthermore, we find that the firm level response in R&D investment to sales growth is stronger in firms that are more financially dependent, such as firms that are no part of a multinational, firms not receiving subsidies or firms with less collateral.

Trade liberalisation and economic geography in CEE countries: the role of FDI in the adjustment pattern of regional wages

This article studies the within-country regional effects of trade liberalisation in Central and Eastern European countries. CEE countries liberalised their trade with the European Union from the mid-1990s, while also receiving substantial foreign investment in the process. The first part of the period witnessed strong agglomeration effects in all of the countries, leading progressively to core–periphery type specialisation, and increasing regional wage differentials. In the second part of the period, however, there is notable evidence of a reversal in the relative regional specialisation, pointing to a U-shaped pattern of relative regional wages. Using the regional data for five CEE countries in 1990–2004 we argue that FDI inflows can be an important factor accelerating the observed regional adjustment process in the host country. First, we show that in four out of five CEE countries there is a significant U-shaped adjustment pattern of regional wages after they opened up to foreign trade. Second, we find robust econometric confirmation that in three of the five countries FDI has contributed significantly to faster adjustment of relative regional wages.