Juan Cuesta

Vertical 2-μm Heterodyne Differential Absorption Lidar Measurements of Mean CO2 Mixing Ratio in the Troposphere

Abstract Vertical mean CO2 mixing ratio measurements are reported in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and in the lower free troposphere (FT), using a 2-μm heterodyne differential absorption lidar (HDIAL). The mean CO2 mixing ratio in the ABL is determined using 1) aerosol backscatter signal and a mean derivative of the increasing optical depth as a function of altitude and 2) optical depth measurements from cloud target returns. For a 1-km vertical long path in the ABL, 2% measurement precision with a time resolution of 30 min is demonstrated for the retrieved mean CO2 absorption. Spectroscopic calculations are reported in details using new spectroscopic data in the 2-μm domain and the outputs of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). Then, using both aerosols in the ABL and midaltitude dense clouds in the free troposphere, preliminary HDIAL measurements of mean CO2 mixing ratio in the free troposphere are also presented. The ...

Observing the forest canopy with a new ultra-violet compact airborne lidar.

We have developed a new airborne UV lidar for the forest canopy and deployed it in the Landes forest (France). It is the first one that: (i) operates at 355 nm for emitting energetic pulses of 16 mJ at 20 Hz while fulfilling eye-safety regulations and (ii) is flown onboard an ultra-light airplane for enhanced flight flexibility. Laser footprints at ground level were 2.4 m wide for a flying altitude of 300 m. Three test areas of ∼500 × 500 m2 with Maritime pines of different ages were investigated. We used a threshold method adapted for this lidar to accurately extract from its waveforms detailed forest canopy vertical structure: canopy top, tree crown base and undergrowth heights. Good detection sensitivity enabled the observation of ground returns underneath the trees. Statistical and one-to-one comparisons with ground measurements by field foresters indicated a mean absolute accuracy of ∼1 m. Sensitivity tests on detection threshold showed the importance of signal to noise ratio and footprint size for a proper detection of the canopy vertical structure. This UV-lidar is intended for future innovative applications of simultaneous observation of forest canopy, laser-induced vegetation fluorescence and atmospheric aerosols.

ADM-Aeolus retrieval algorithms for aerosol and cloud products

ADM-Aeolus, the wind Lidar under development at ESA, is a High Spectral Resolution Lidar that additionally provides separated information on particles (Mie channel) and molecules (Rayleigh channel). Lidar signals will be accumulated in vertical range bins in order to reach sufficient signal-to-noise ratio for reliable wind estimates. The vertical range bin integration may vary from 250mnear the surface up to 2 kmin the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Significant attenuation in a range bin changes the nature of the retrieval problem. The commonly used Lidar inversion techniques appear to be inadequate to process bin-accumulated signals. This paper presents the ‘L2A processor’, conceived to use ADM-Aeolus signals to provide information on aerosol and cloud layers optical properties. The altitude, geometrical depth, optical depth, backscatter-to-extinction ratio and scattering ratio are to be retrieved. The L2A processor algorithms provide a new formulation to the inverse problem for various filling cases of a range bin and it includes a credibility criterion (CC) in order to select the best filling approximation. The effective vertical resolution can be two to four times better than the ADM-Aeolus range bins. The basic concept, the processing algorithms, numerical examples and sensitivity tests are here presented.

Synergetic technique combining elastic backscatter lidar data and sunphotometer AERONET inversion for retrieval by layer of aerosol optical and microphysical properties

We present a so-called lidar and almucantar (LidAlm) algorithm that combines information provided by standard elastic backscatter lidar (i.e., calibrated attenuated backscatter coefficient profile at one or two wavelengths) and sunphotometer AERONET inversion of almucantar like measurements (i.e., column-integrated aerosol size distribution and refractive index). The purpose of the LidAlm technique is to characterize the atmospheric column by its different aerosol layers. These layers may be distinct or partially mixed, and they may contain different aerosol species (e.g., urban, desert, or biomass burning aerosols). The LidAlm synergetic technique provides the extinction and backscatter coefficient profiles, particle size distributions, and backscatter-to-extinction ratios for each aerosol layer. We present the LidAlm procedure and sensitivity studies. The applications are illustrated with examples of actual atmospheric conditions encountered in the Paris area.

Assessment of tree and crown heights of a maritime pine forest at plot level using a fullwaveform UltraViolet Lidar prototype

This study aims to determine the potential of a new lidar prototype with an ultraviolet laser and a medium footprint for retrieving forest parameters. The lidar is embedded on an ultra-light aircraft. The choice of the Landes forest in southwestern France as study area was made regarding the flat topography of the area and the stand height consistency. We chose three plots from different stands (different height characteristics) and compared the lidar derived metries to field measurements. To derive metries from lidar data, we summed the lidar waveforms within a plot and calculated derived reflectance profiles to correct the lidar signal from the occlusion effect. We then retrieve plot mean total and mean crown base heights measurement from reflectance profiles. We obtain a good consistency of the lidar measurements compared to field measurements, even if we noticed the existence of a 5 to 10% bias probably linked to the lidar sampling strategy.

La campagne Cops : genèse et cycle de vie de la convection en région montagneuse

The Convective and Orographically- induced Precipitation Study (COPS) is a coordinated international project, comprised of an observational field campaign and a research programme aiming to advance the quality of fore- casts of orographically-induced pre- cipitation by four-dimensional obser- vations and modelling of its life cycle. The COPS field campaign took place during June-July-August 2007 over eastern France and south-western Germany. Its main objective was to provide an unprecedented comprehen- sive set of in situ and remotely-sensed meteorological observations of the entire depth of the troposphere. After a short overview of the project, the paper focuses on the French contribution to the COPS field phase, describes the experimental setup and highlights some key observations.

Apport de l'observation satellitaire à l'analyse et à la prévision de la qualité de l'air

This paper presents what can be achieved with the use of satellite observations in the framework of atmospheric composition studies, including for air quality analysis and forecast. The different measurements currently available are presented with their main strengths and limitations. On the basis of examples from recent studies, the use and the gain obtained by these observations are discussed.This includes analysis of pollutant transport events, refinement of the databases used in the models, modeling of satellite observations and data assimilation. The recent Copernicus service is detailed in this context and the prospects for using these observations are finally explained.