Juan Lopez-Mattei

Frequent MUGA testing in a myeloma patient: A case-based ethics discussion.

a Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR b Departments of Medicine and Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL c Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX d Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX e Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY f Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI g Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY h Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY

Carcinoid heart disease

Rare neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) that most commonly arise in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease. Patients with carcinoid syndrome present with vasomotor changes, hypermotility of the gastrointestinal system, hypotension and bronchospasm. Medical therapy for carcinoid syndrome, typically with somatostatin analogues, can help control symptoms, inhibit tumour progression and prolong survival. Carcinoid heart disease occurs in more than 50% of these patients and is the initial presentation of carcinoid syndrome in up to 20% of patients. Carcinoid heart disease has characteristic findings of plaque-like deposits composed of smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, extracellular matrix and an overlying endothelial layer which can lead to valve dysfunction. Valvular dysfunction can lead to oedema, ascites and right-sided heart failure. Medical therapy of carcinoid heart disease is limited to symptom control and palliation. Valve surgery for carcinoid heart disease should be considered for symptomatic patients with controlled metastatic carcinoid syndrome. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to guide optimal management.

Evaluation and Management of Cardiac Tumors

Purpose of reviewOur purpose is to discuss the importance of multimodality imaging in the assessment of cardiac tumors and management. We have compiled a recent review of the scientific literature and embedded our clinical pathways and recommendations based on data and clinical experience.Recent findingsThe use of contrast echocardiography in the assessment of cardiac masses has been shown to be helpful in distinguishing tumor from thrombus. Deformation imaging of cardiac tumors has been shown to differentiate better rhabdomyomas from fibromas in pediatric patients. Cardiac MRI (CMR) appears to be helpful in determining whether cardiac tumors are benign or malignant by identifying presence of infiltration, uptake of contrast in first pass perfusion and gadolinium enhancement. Patients with evidence of cardiac metastases by CMR show similar survival to stage IV cancer without cardiac metastases. In our institution, we use a standardized approach for the evaluation of cardiac masses, which includes multimodality imaging in the appropriate clinical context. The autotransplantation surgical technique has shown some promise in improving survival in patients with primary cardiac sarcomas. In our institution, we do not routinely recommend anticoagulation for “tumor-thrombus” in renal cell carcinoma due to risk of bleeding from primary tumor.SummaryCardiac masses are often found incidentally, but sometimes can present with cardiovascular symptoms due to obstruction and valvular dysfunction, which may prompt imaging. It is important to determine whether the mass is a normal variant, imaging artifact, vegetation, thrombus, or tumor. Transthoracic echocardiography is ideally suited to be the initial imaging modality because of the portability, wide availability, lack of radiation, and relatively low cost. The gold standard cardiac imaging technique to distinguish tumor from thrombus is contrast enhanced CMR with prolonged inversion time. Advantages of CMR when compared to echocardiography regarding characterization of cardiac tumors are as follows: larger field of view, better spatial resolution, better tissue characterization, lack of attenuation, and ability to image at any prescribed plane. Primary and secondary cardiac tumors have particular characteristics in echocardiography and CMR. Imaging of cardiac tumors plays an important role in establishing a diagnosis and in planning management.

Resolution of Myelofibrosis-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

We present the case of a 62-year-old man with myelofibrosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with subsequent resolution of disease and PAH. Right heart catheterization was used to guide PAH therapy before and after transplantation. Drug interactions, adverse effects, and renal insufficiency posed clinical challenges for the management of PAH-specific medications after transplantation. PAH improved soon after transplantation, and vasoactive medications were tapered off. Resolution of PAH was confirmed with repeat measurement of pulmonary hemodynamic characteristics. Although the etiology and pathophysiology for the resolution of PAH was unclear, the myelopulmonary pathophysiologic link was likely to have contributed. This is the first report describing resolution of myelofibrosis-associated PAH after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Cancer Patients

Takotsubo syndrome, also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy (SC), is underrecognized in cancer patients. This study aims to investigate the incidence, natural history, and triggers of SC in cancer patients and its impact on cancer therapy and overall survival. A total of 30 subjects fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for SC at MD Anderson Cancer Center over a 6-year period. Clinical presentation, electrocardiogram, laboratory data, and transthoracic echocardiogram results registered during the acute phase and follow-up were collected. All patients underwent coronary angiography. The most frequent presenting symptoms were chest pain in 63.3% of the patients and shortness of breath/dyspnea on exertion in 27% of the patients. T-wave inversion was a more common electrocardiographic presentation (60%) than ST elevation (13.3%). The median and interquartile range of peak creatine kinase MB fraction, troponin I, and brain natriuretic peptide were creatine kinase MB fraction 8.9, 4.6 to 21.1; troponin I 1.31, 0.7 to 3.3; and brain natriuretic peptide 1,124, 453.5 to 2,369.5. The most common complication of SC was cardiogenic shock requiring inotropic agents (20%). Of the 21 patients who required ongoing cancer treatment, 16 were able to resume chemotherapy, 5 underwent surgery, and 4 received radiation treatment. Median time to resume cancer treatment was 20 days after SC. None of the patients experienced recurrence of SC and other cardiac events. In conclusion, SC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cancer patients who present with chest pain and ECG findings characteristic of acute coronary syndrome. Most of these patients normalize ejection fraction and may resume cancer therapy early.

Interventional Cardio-Oncology: Adding a New Dimension to the Cardio-Oncology Field

The management of cardiovascular disease in patients with active cancer presents a unique challenge in interventional cardiology. Cancer patients often suffer from significant comorbidities such as thrombocytopenia and coagulopathic and/or hypercoagulable states, which complicates invasive evaluation and can specifically be associated with an increased risk for vascular access complications. Furthermore, anticancer therapies cause injury to the vascular endothelium as well as the myocardium. Meanwhile, improvements in diagnosis and treatment of various cancers have contributed to an increase in overall survival rates in cancer patients. Proper management of this patient population is unclear, as cancer patients are largely excluded from randomized clinical trials on percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and national PCI registries. In this review, we will discuss the role of different safety measures that can be applied prior to and during these invasive cardiovascular procedures as well as the role of intravascular imaging techniques in managing these high risk patients.

Chemotherapeutic Agents and the Risk of Ischemia and Arterial Thrombosis

Purpose of ReviewNumerous chemotherapeutic agents have been associated with the development of ischemia and arterial thrombosis. As newer therapies have been developed to treat cancer, some of these chemotherapy drugs have been implicated in the development of vascular disease. In this review, we will summarize the most common chemotherapeutic drug classes that may play a role in the development of ischemic heart disease.Recent FindingsAngiogenesis inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antimicrotubules, and proteasome inhibitors have a number of cardiovascular toxicities. The possible mechanisms of action of these drugs leading to ischemic complications are varied but include endothelial dysfunction, platelet aggregation, reduced levels of nitrous oxide (NO), and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and vasospasm. While some drugs act through multiple pathways that result in the development of ischemic heart disease, others such as the antimetabolites and antimicrotubules appear to primarily cause vasospasm. Furthermore, while aromatase inhibitors increase the risk of heart disease in comparison to tamoxifen in large studies, this finding likely occurs because of a protective role of tamoxifen on cardiovascular risk factors rather than a direct effect of aromatase inhibitors.SummaryAngiogenesis inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antimicrotubules, and proteasome inhibitors can lead to ischemic complications in patients with cancer. Many of these drugs have proven to be effective in improving cancer prognosis, but their possible cardiovascular effects have to be carefully monitored and treated. Treatment of ischemic complications in the setting of cancer therapy should focus on the optimal medical management of known cardiovascular risk factors and follow an evidence-based approach.

Ischemic Heart Disease: Special Considerations in Cardio-Oncology

Opinion statementThe interplay and balance between the competing morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases and cancer have a significant impact on both short- and long-term health outcomes of patients who survived cancer or are being treated for cancer. Ischemic heart disease in patients with cancer or caused by cancer therapy is a clinical problem of emerging importance. Prompt recognition and optimum management of ischemic heart disease mean that patients with cancer can successfully receive therapies to treat their malignancy and reduce morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease. In this sense, the presence of cancer and cancer-related comorbidities (e.g., thrombocytopenia, propensity to bleed, thrombotic status) substantially complicates the management of cardiovascular diseases in cancer patients. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge on the management strategies for ischemic disease in patients with cancer, focusing on the challenges encountered when addressing these complexities.

“Bringing on the light” in a complex clinical scenario: Optical coherence tomography–guided discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy in cancer patients with coronary artery disease (PROTECT-OCT registry)

Background Cancer patients with recently placed drug‐eluting stents (DESs) often require premature dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) discontinuation for cancer‐related procedures. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can identify risk factors for stent thrombosis such as stent malapposition, incomplete strut coverage and in‐stent restenosis and may help guide discontinuation of DAPT. Methods We conducted a single‐center prospective study in cancer patients with recently placed (1–12 months) DES who required premature DAPT discontinuation. Patients were evaluated with diagnostic coronary angiogram and OCT. Individuals with appropriate stent strut coverage, expansion, apposition, and absence of in‐stent restenosis or intraluminal masses were considered low risk and transiently discontinued DAPT to allow optimal cancer therapy. Patients who did not meet all these criteria were considered high risk and underwent further endovascular treatment when appropriate and bridging with low‐molecular weight heparin. The incidence of adverse cardiovascular events was assessed after the procedure and at 12 months. Results A total of 40 patients were included. Twenty‐seven patients (68%) were considered low risk by OCT criteria and DAPT was transiently discontinued. Thirteen patients (32%) were considered high risk with one or more OCT findings: uncovered stent struts (4 patients, 10%); stent underexpansion (3 patients, 8%); malapposition (8 patients, 20%); in‐stent restenosis (2 patients, 5%). The high‐risk patients with uncovered stent struts and malapposition underwent additional stent dilatation. There were no cardiovascular events in the low‐risk group. One myocardial infarction occurred in the high‐risk group. Fourteen non‐cardiac deaths were registered before 12 months due to cancer progression or cancer therapy. Conclusion OCT imaging allows identification of low‐risk cancer patients with DES placed who may safely discontinue DAPT and proceed with cancer‐related surgery or procedures.

Role of cardiovascular imaging for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac amyloidosis

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) describes the pathological process of amyloid protein deposition in the extracellular space of the myocardium. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of CA is often made late and when the disease process is advanced. However, advances in cardiovascular imaging have allowed for better prognostication and establishing diagnostic pathways with high sensitivity and specificity. This review discusses the role of echocardiography, cardiac MRI and nuclear cardiology in current clinical practice for diagnosis and prognosis of CA.