Juha Linnekoski

Butanol production from lignocellulosics

Clostridium spp. produce n-butanol in the acetone/butanol/ethanol process. For sustainable industrial scale butanol production, a number of obstacles need to be addressed including choice of feedstock, the low product yield, toxicity to production strain, multiple-end products and downstream processing of alcohol mixtures. This review describes the use of lignocellulosic feedstocks, bioprocess and metabolic engineering, downstream processing and catalytic refining of n-butanol.

Etherification and hydration of isoamylenes with ion exchange resin

The simultaneous etherification and hydration of 2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene were studied in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The heterogeneous liquid-phase formation of tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE) and tert-amyl alcohol (TAOH) was catalyzed by a commercial sulfonic acid ion exchange resin. Addition of a small amount of water to the feed, caused a marked drop in the overall olefin (isoamylenes) conversion and in the etherification rate. The measured reaction rates of the etherification and alcohol formation were fitted to kinetic models of Langmuir‐Hinshelwood type. These models are based on single site adsorption of every component and the surface reaction being the rate limiting step. The activation energies for the simultaneous etherification and hydration of isoamylenes were 117.7 and 79.9 kJ mol ˇ1 , respectively. The activation energy obtained for the etherification corresponds well with the value of 108 kJ mol ˇ1 obtained in the experiments without water for the etherification of b-olefin (2-methyl-2-butene) with ethanol. # 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.