Julia K. Parrish

Animal groups in three dimensions

1. Unifying principles, galactic framework, and the holy grails of aggregation Julia K. Parrish, William M. Hamner and Charles T. Prewitt Part I. Imaging and Measurement: 2. Methods for three-dimensional sensing of animals Jules S. Jaffe 3. Analytical and digital photogrammetry Jon Osborn 4. Acoustic visualization of three-dimensional animal aggregations in the ocean Charles H. Green and Peter H. Wiebe 5. Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of bird flocks Frank Heppner 6. Three-dimensional measurements of swarming mosquitos: a probabilistic model, measuring system, and example output Terumi Ikawa and Hidehiko Okabe Part II. Analysis: 7. Quantitative analysis of animal movements in congregations Peter Turchin 8. Movements of animals in congregations: an Eularian analysis of bark beetle swarming Peter Turchin and Gregory Simons 9. Individual decisions, traffic rules, and emergent pattern in schooling fish Julia K. Parrish and Peter Turchin 10. Aggregate behavior in zooplankton: phototactic swarming in four developmental stages of Coullana canadensis (Copepoda harpacticoida) Jeannette Yen and Elizabeth A. Bryant Part III. Behavioural Ecology and Evolution: 11. Is the sum of the parts equal to the whole?: the conflict between individuality and group membership William M. Hamner and Julia K. Parrish 12. Why are some members more likely to be on the outside of the group?: Testing the evolutionary predictions William L. Romey 13. Costs and benefits as a function of group size: experiments on a swarming mysid Paramesopodopsis rufa fenton David A. Ritz 14. Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional consideration: The role of information Lawrence M. Dill, C. S. Holling and L. H. Palmer 15. Perspectives on sensory integration systems: problems, opportunities, and predictions Carl R. Schilt and Kenneth S. Norris Part IV. Models: 16. Conceptual and methodological issues in the modeling of biological aggregations Simon A. Levin 17. Schooling as a strategy for chemotaxis in a noisy environment Daniel Grunbaum 18. Trail following as an adaptable mechanism for popular behavior Leah Edelstein-Keshett 19. Metabolic models of fish school behaviour: The need for quantitative observations William McFarland and Akira Okubo 20. Social forces in animal congregations: interactive, motivational and sensory aspects Kevin Warburton.

Animal Groups in Three Dimensions: Introduction – From individuals to aggregations: Unifying properties, global framework, and the holy grails of congregation

Seeing is believing An aggregation of anything against a background of sameness captures our eye. Congregations of creatures that routinely swarm and cluster or crowd together capture our imagination and generate new descriptive, often florid, collective terms for groups of living things; descriptors that are species-specific and etymologically precise (see Liptons “Exaltation of Larks,” 1991). A swarm of bees, a host of sparrows, and a smack of jellyfish generate crisp images in our minds eye, while a cloud of goats, a gaggle of flies, and a pod of parrots only generate confusion. There is no collective term in the English language for this wealth of collective adjectives (Lipton 1991), other than terms of “venery” (from the Latin venari, to hunt game), words that initially described aggregations of game animals, clustered conveniently for the huntsman. Some of these terms denote protean behavioral displays that are visually compulsive. However, when our congregations of creatures are behaviorally coordinated in space and time, synchronously moving and wheeling and twisting before us in three-dimensional space, as in a school of smelt or a flock of phalaropes, they subvert our visual ability to focus on an individual animal and, somehow, suddenly the sum of the parts becomes a cohesive whole. Those of us who are terminally entranced with the three-dimensional, hypnotic beauty of synchronized flocks of birds and schools of fish quite simply cannot be cured. We know there is order within these three-dimensional displays, but it is not immediately obvious how to quantify it.

Animal Groups in Three Dimensions: Analysis

1. Unifying principles, galactic framework, and the holy grails of aggregation Julia K. Parrish, William M. Hamner and Charles T. Prewitt Part I. Imaging and Measurement: 2. Methods for three-dimensional sensing of animals Jules S. Jaffe 3. Analytical and digital photogrammetry Jon Osborn 4. Acoustic visualization of three-dimensional animal aggregations in the ocean Charles H. Green and Peter H. Wiebe 5. Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of bird flocks Frank Heppner 6. Three-dimensional measurements of swarming mosquitos: a probabilistic model, measuring system, and example output Terumi Ikawa and Hidehiko Okabe Part II. Analysis: 7. Quantitative analysis of animal movements in congregations Peter Turchin 8. Movements of animals in congregations: an Eularian analysis of bark beetle swarming Peter Turchin and Gregory Simons 9. Individual decisions, traffic rules, and emergent pattern in schooling fish Julia K. Parrish and Peter Turchin 10. Aggregate behavior in zooplankton: phototactic swarming in four developmental stages of Coullana canadensis (Copepoda harpacticoida) Jeannette Yen and Elizabeth A. Bryant Part III. Behavioural Ecology and Evolution: 11. Is the sum of the parts equal to the whole?: the conflict between individuality and group membership William M. Hamner and Julia K. Parrish 12. Why are some members more likely to be on the outside of the group?: Testing the evolutionary predictions William L. Romey 13. Costs and benefits as a function of group size: experiments on a swarming mysid Paramesopodopsis rufa fenton David A. Ritz 14. Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional consideration: The role of information Lawrence M. Dill, C. S. Holling and L. H. Palmer 15. Perspectives on sensory integration systems: problems, opportunities, and predictions Carl R. Schilt and Kenneth S. Norris Part IV. Models: 16. Conceptual and methodological issues in the modeling of biological aggregations Simon A. Levin 17. Schooling as a strategy for chemotaxis in a noisy environment Daniel Grunbaum 18. Trail following as an adaptable mechanism for popular behavior Leah Edelstein-Keshett 19. Metabolic models of fish school behaviour: The need for quantitative observations William McFarland and Akira Okubo 20. Social forces in animal congregations: interactive, motivational and sensory aspects Kevin Warburton.

Animal Groups in Three Dimensions: Frontmatter

1. Unifying principles, galactic framework, and the holy grails of aggregation Julia K. Parrish, William M. Hamner and Charles T. Prewitt Part I. Imaging and Measurement: 2. Methods for three-dimensional sensing of animals Jules S. Jaffe 3. Analytical and digital photogrammetry Jon Osborn 4. Acoustic visualization of three-dimensional animal aggregations in the ocean Charles H. Green and Peter H. Wiebe 5. Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of bird flocks Frank Heppner 6. Three-dimensional measurements of swarming mosquitos: a probabilistic model, measuring system, and example output Terumi Ikawa and Hidehiko Okabe Part II. Analysis: 7. Quantitative analysis of animal movements in congregations Peter Turchin 8. Movements of animals in congregations: an Eularian analysis of bark beetle swarming Peter Turchin and Gregory Simons 9. Individual decisions, traffic rules, and emergent pattern in schooling fish Julia K. Parrish and Peter Turchin 10. Aggregate behavior in zooplankton: phototactic swarming in four developmental stages of Coullana canadensis (Copepoda harpacticoida) Jeannette Yen and Elizabeth A. Bryant Part III. Behavioural Ecology and Evolution: 11. Is the sum of the parts equal to the whole?: the conflict between individuality and group membership William M. Hamner and Julia K. Parrish 12. Why are some members more likely to be on the outside of the group?: Testing the evolutionary predictions William L. Romey 13. Costs and benefits as a function of group size: experiments on a swarming mysid Paramesopodopsis rufa fenton David A. Ritz 14. Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional consideration: The role of information Lawrence M. Dill, C. S. Holling and L. H. Palmer 15. Perspectives on sensory integration systems: problems, opportunities, and predictions Carl R. Schilt and Kenneth S. Norris Part IV. Models: 16. Conceptual and methodological issues in the modeling of biological aggregations Simon A. Levin 17. Schooling as a strategy for chemotaxis in a noisy environment Daniel Grunbaum 18. Trail following as an adaptable mechanism for popular behavior Leah Edelstein-Keshett 19. Metabolic models of fish school behaviour: The need for quantitative observations William McFarland and Akira Okubo 20. Social forces in animal congregations: interactive, motivational and sensory aspects Kevin Warburton.

Animal Groups in Three Dimensions: Behavioral ecology and evolution

1. Unifying principles, galactic framework, and the holy grails of aggregation Julia K. Parrish, William M. Hamner and Charles T. Prewitt Part I. Imaging and Measurement: 2. Methods for three-dimensional sensing of animals Jules S. Jaffe 3. Analytical and digital photogrammetry Jon Osborn 4. Acoustic visualization of three-dimensional animal aggregations in the ocean Charles H. Green and Peter H. Wiebe 5. Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of bird flocks Frank Heppner 6. Three-dimensional measurements of swarming mosquitos: a probabilistic model, measuring system, and example output Terumi Ikawa and Hidehiko Okabe Part II. Analysis: 7. Quantitative analysis of animal movements in congregations Peter Turchin 8. Movements of animals in congregations: an Eularian analysis of bark beetle swarming Peter Turchin and Gregory Simons 9. Individual decisions, traffic rules, and emergent pattern in schooling fish Julia K. Parrish and Peter Turchin 10. Aggregate behavior in zooplankton: phototactic swarming in four developmental stages of Coullana canadensis (Copepoda harpacticoida) Jeannette Yen and Elizabeth A. Bryant Part III. Behavioural Ecology and Evolution: 11. Is the sum of the parts equal to the whole?: the conflict between individuality and group membership William M. Hamner and Julia K. Parrish 12. Why are some members more likely to be on the outside of the group?: Testing the evolutionary predictions William L. Romey 13. Costs and benefits as a function of group size: experiments on a swarming mysid Paramesopodopsis rufa fenton David A. Ritz 14. Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional consideration: The role of information Lawrence M. Dill, C. S. Holling and L. H. Palmer 15. Perspectives on sensory integration systems: problems, opportunities, and predictions Carl R. Schilt and Kenneth S. Norris Part IV. Models: 16. Conceptual and methodological issues in the modeling of biological aggregations Simon A. Levin 17. Schooling as a strategy for chemotaxis in a noisy environment Daniel Grunbaum 18. Trail following as an adaptable mechanism for popular behavior Leah Edelstein-Keshett 19. Metabolic models of fish school behaviour: The need for quantitative observations William McFarland and Akira Okubo 20. Social forces in animal congregations: interactive, motivational and sensory aspects Kevin Warburton.

Animal Groups in Three Dimensions: List of contributors

1. Unifying principles, galactic framework, and the holy grails of aggregation Julia K. Parrish, William M. Hamner and Charles T. Prewitt Part I. Imaging and Measurement: 2. Methods for three-dimensional sensing of animals Jules S. Jaffe 3. Analytical and digital photogrammetry Jon Osborn 4. Acoustic visualization of three-dimensional animal aggregations in the ocean Charles H. Green and Peter H. Wiebe 5. Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of bird flocks Frank Heppner 6. Three-dimensional measurements of swarming mosquitos: a probabilistic model, measuring system, and example output Terumi Ikawa and Hidehiko Okabe Part II. Analysis: 7. Quantitative analysis of animal movements in congregations Peter Turchin 8. Movements of animals in congregations: an Eularian analysis of bark beetle swarming Peter Turchin and Gregory Simons 9. Individual decisions, traffic rules, and emergent pattern in schooling fish Julia K. Parrish and Peter Turchin 10. Aggregate behavior in zooplankton: phototactic swarming in four developmental stages of Coullana canadensis (Copepoda harpacticoida) Jeannette Yen and Elizabeth A. Bryant Part III. Behavioural Ecology and Evolution: 11. Is the sum of the parts equal to the whole?: the conflict between individuality and group membership William M. Hamner and Julia K. Parrish 12. Why are some members more likely to be on the outside of the group?: Testing the evolutionary predictions William L. Romey 13. Costs and benefits as a function of group size: experiments on a swarming mysid Paramesopodopsis rufa fenton David A. Ritz 14. Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional consideration: The role of information Lawrence M. Dill, C. S. Holling and L. H. Palmer 15. Perspectives on sensory integration systems: problems, opportunities, and predictions Carl R. Schilt and Kenneth S. Norris Part IV. Models: 16. Conceptual and methodological issues in the modeling of biological aggregations Simon A. Levin 17. Schooling as a strategy for chemotaxis in a noisy environment Daniel Grunbaum 18. Trail following as an adaptable mechanism for popular behavior Leah Edelstein-Keshett 19. Metabolic models of fish school behaviour: The need for quantitative observations William McFarland and Akira Okubo 20. Social forces in animal congregations: interactive, motivational and sensory aspects Kevin Warburton.

Animal Groups in Three Dimensions: Taxonomic index

1. Unifying principles, galactic framework, and the holy grails of aggregation Julia K. Parrish, William M. Hamner and Charles T. Prewitt Part I. Imaging and Measurement: 2. Methods for three-dimensional sensing of animals Jules S. Jaffe 3. Analytical and digital photogrammetry Jon Osborn 4. Acoustic visualization of three-dimensional animal aggregations in the ocean Charles H. Green and Peter H. Wiebe 5. Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of bird flocks Frank Heppner 6. Three-dimensional measurements of swarming mosquitos: a probabilistic model, measuring system, and example output Terumi Ikawa and Hidehiko Okabe Part II. Analysis: 7. Quantitative analysis of animal movements in congregations Peter Turchin 8. Movements of animals in congregations: an Eularian analysis of bark beetle swarming Peter Turchin and Gregory Simons 9. Individual decisions, traffic rules, and emergent pattern in schooling fish Julia K. Parrish and Peter Turchin 10. Aggregate behavior in zooplankton: phototactic swarming in four developmental stages of Coullana canadensis (Copepoda harpacticoida) Jeannette Yen and Elizabeth A. Bryant Part III. Behavioural Ecology and Evolution: 11. Is the sum of the parts equal to the whole?: the conflict between individuality and group membership William M. Hamner and Julia K. Parrish 12. Why are some members more likely to be on the outside of the group?: Testing the evolutionary predictions William L. Romey 13. Costs and benefits as a function of group size: experiments on a swarming mysid Paramesopodopsis rufa fenton David A. Ritz 14. Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional consideration: The role of information Lawrence M. Dill, C. S. Holling and L. H. Palmer 15. Perspectives on sensory integration systems: problems, opportunities, and predictions Carl R. Schilt and Kenneth S. Norris Part IV. Models: 16. Conceptual and methodological issues in the modeling of biological aggregations Simon A. Levin 17. Schooling as a strategy for chemotaxis in a noisy environment Daniel Grunbaum 18. Trail following as an adaptable mechanism for popular behavior Leah Edelstein-Keshett 19. Metabolic models of fish school behaviour: The need for quantitative observations William McFarland and Akira Okubo 20. Social forces in animal congregations: interactive, motivational and sensory aspects Kevin Warburton.

Animal Groups in Three Dimensions: Subject index

1. Unifying principles, galactic framework, and the holy grails of aggregation Julia K. Parrish, William M. Hamner and Charles T. Prewitt Part I. Imaging and Measurement: 2. Methods for three-dimensional sensing of animals Jules S. Jaffe 3. Analytical and digital photogrammetry Jon Osborn 4. Acoustic visualization of three-dimensional animal aggregations in the ocean Charles H. Green and Peter H. Wiebe 5. Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of bird flocks Frank Heppner 6. Three-dimensional measurements of swarming mosquitos: a probabilistic model, measuring system, and example output Terumi Ikawa and Hidehiko Okabe Part II. Analysis: 7. Quantitative analysis of animal movements in congregations Peter Turchin 8. Movements of animals in congregations: an Eularian analysis of bark beetle swarming Peter Turchin and Gregory Simons 9. Individual decisions, traffic rules, and emergent pattern in schooling fish Julia K. Parrish and Peter Turchin 10. Aggregate behavior in zooplankton: phototactic swarming in four developmental stages of Coullana canadensis (Copepoda harpacticoida) Jeannette Yen and Elizabeth A. Bryant Part III. Behavioural Ecology and Evolution: 11. Is the sum of the parts equal to the whole?: the conflict between individuality and group membership William M. Hamner and Julia K. Parrish 12. Why are some members more likely to be on the outside of the group?: Testing the evolutionary predictions William L. Romey 13. Costs and benefits as a function of group size: experiments on a swarming mysid Paramesopodopsis rufa fenton David A. Ritz 14. Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional consideration: The role of information Lawrence M. Dill, C. S. Holling and L. H. Palmer 15. Perspectives on sensory integration systems: problems, opportunities, and predictions Carl R. Schilt and Kenneth S. Norris Part IV. Models: 16. Conceptual and methodological issues in the modeling of biological aggregations Simon A. Levin 17. Schooling as a strategy for chemotaxis in a noisy environment Daniel Grunbaum 18. Trail following as an adaptable mechanism for popular behavior Leah Edelstein-Keshett 19. Metabolic models of fish school behaviour: The need for quantitative observations William McFarland and Akira Okubo 20. Social forces in animal congregations: interactive, motivational and sensory aspects Kevin Warburton.

Animal Groups in Three Dimensions: Acknowledgments

1. Unifying principles, galactic framework, and the holy grails of aggregation Julia K. Parrish, William M. Hamner and Charles T. Prewitt Part I. Imaging and Measurement: 2. Methods for three-dimensional sensing of animals Jules S. Jaffe 3. Analytical and digital photogrammetry Jon Osborn 4. Acoustic visualization of three-dimensional animal aggregations in the ocean Charles H. Green and Peter H. Wiebe 5. Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of bird flocks Frank Heppner 6. Three-dimensional measurements of swarming mosquitos: a probabilistic model, measuring system, and example output Terumi Ikawa and Hidehiko Okabe Part II. Analysis: 7. Quantitative analysis of animal movements in congregations Peter Turchin 8. Movements of animals in congregations: an Eularian analysis of bark beetle swarming Peter Turchin and Gregory Simons 9. Individual decisions, traffic rules, and emergent pattern in schooling fish Julia K. Parrish and Peter Turchin 10. Aggregate behavior in zooplankton: phototactic swarming in four developmental stages of Coullana canadensis (Copepoda harpacticoida) Jeannette Yen and Elizabeth A. Bryant Part III. Behavioural Ecology and Evolution: 11. Is the sum of the parts equal to the whole?: the conflict between individuality and group membership William M. Hamner and Julia K. Parrish 12. Why are some members more likely to be on the outside of the group?: Testing the evolutionary predictions William L. Romey 13. Costs and benefits as a function of group size: experiments on a swarming mysid Paramesopodopsis rufa fenton David A. Ritz 14. Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional consideration: The role of information Lawrence M. Dill, C. S. Holling and L. H. Palmer 15. Perspectives on sensory integration systems: problems, opportunities, and predictions Carl R. Schilt and Kenneth S. Norris Part IV. Models: 16. Conceptual and methodological issues in the modeling of biological aggregations Simon A. Levin 17. Schooling as a strategy for chemotaxis in a noisy environment Daniel Grunbaum 18. Trail following as an adaptable mechanism for popular behavior Leah Edelstein-Keshett 19. Metabolic models of fish school behaviour: The need for quantitative observations William McFarland and Akira Okubo 20. Social forces in animal congregations: interactive, motivational and sensory aspects Kevin Warburton.

Animal Groups in Three Dimensions: Imaging and measurement

1. Unifying principles, galactic framework, and the holy grails of aggregation Julia K. Parrish, William M. Hamner and Charles T. Prewitt Part I. Imaging and Measurement: 2. Methods for three-dimensional sensing of animals Jules S. Jaffe 3. Analytical and digital photogrammetry Jon Osborn 4. Acoustic visualization of three-dimensional animal aggregations in the ocean Charles H. Green and Peter H. Wiebe 5. Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of bird flocks Frank Heppner 6. Three-dimensional measurements of swarming mosquitos: a probabilistic model, measuring system, and example output Terumi Ikawa and Hidehiko Okabe Part II. Analysis: 7. Quantitative analysis of animal movements in congregations Peter Turchin 8. Movements of animals in congregations: an Eularian analysis of bark beetle swarming Peter Turchin and Gregory Simons 9. Individual decisions, traffic rules, and emergent pattern in schooling fish Julia K. Parrish and Peter Turchin 10. Aggregate behavior in zooplankton: phototactic swarming in four developmental stages of Coullana canadensis (Copepoda harpacticoida) Jeannette Yen and Elizabeth A. Bryant Part III. Behavioural Ecology and Evolution: 11. Is the sum of the parts equal to the whole?: the conflict between individuality and group membership William M. Hamner and Julia K. Parrish 12. Why are some members more likely to be on the outside of the group?: Testing the evolutionary predictions William L. Romey 13. Costs and benefits as a function of group size: experiments on a swarming mysid Paramesopodopsis rufa fenton David A. Ritz 14. Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional consideration: The role of information Lawrence M. Dill, C. S. Holling and L. H. Palmer 15. Perspectives on sensory integration systems: problems, opportunities, and predictions Carl R. Schilt and Kenneth S. Norris Part IV. Models: 16. Conceptual and methodological issues in the modeling of biological aggregations Simon A. Levin 17. Schooling as a strategy for chemotaxis in a noisy environment Daniel Grunbaum 18. Trail following as an adaptable mechanism for popular behavior Leah Edelstein-Keshett 19. Metabolic models of fish school behaviour: The need for quantitative observations William McFarland and Akira Okubo 20. Social forces in animal congregations: interactive, motivational and sensory aspects Kevin Warburton.