Julia Machado

Quantitative effects of tobacco smoking exposure on the maternal-fetal circulation

BackgroundDespite the existence of various published studies regarding the effects of tobacco smoking on pregnancy, and especially in regards to placental blood flow and vascular resistance, some points still require clarification. In addition, the amount of damage due to tobacco smoking exposure that occurs has not been quantified by objective means. In this study, we looked for a possible association between flow resistance indices of several arteries and the levels of urinary cotinine and the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaled air (COex) of both smoking and non-smoking pregnant women. We also looked for a relationship between those findings and fetal growth and birth weight.MethodsIn a prospective design, thirty pregnant smokers and thirty-four pregnant non-smokers were studied. The volunteers signed consent forms, completed a self-applied questionnaire and were subjected to Doppler velocimetry. Tobacco smoking exposure was quantified by subject provided information and confirmed by the measurement of urinary cotinine levels and by the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaled air (COex). The weight of newborns was evaluated immediately after birth.ResultsComparing smoking to non-smoking pregnant women, a significant increase in the resistance index was observed in the uterine arteries (P = 0.001) and umbilical artery (P = 0.001), and a decrease in the middle cerebral artery (P = 0.450). These findings were associated with progressively higher concentrations of COex and urinary cotinine. A decrease in the birth weight was also detected (P < 0.001) in association with a progressive increase in the tobacco exposure of the pregnant woman.ConclusionsIn pregnant women who smoke, higher arterial resistance indices and lower birth weights were observed, and these findings were associated with increasing levels of tobacco smoking exposure. The values were significantly different when compared to those found in non-smoking pregnant women. This study contributes to the findings that smoking damage during pregnancy is dose-dependent, as demonstrated by the objective methods for measuring tobacco smoking exposure.

Cotinine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels in the amniotic fluid and fetal cord at birth and in the urine from pregnant smokers.

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy has several impacts on fetal development, including teratogenic effects. The objective of this study was to assess whether the toxic substances (cotinine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) found in pregnant smokers are transmitted to their fetuses. The outcomes were analyzed measuring cotinine and 1-hydroxypyrene in the amniotic fluid and maternal urine, benzopyrene and cotinine in the umbilical cord blood. Through a controlled cross-sectional design, 125 pregnant women were selected and classified according to their smoking status: 37 current smokers, 25 passive smokers and 63 non-smokers (controls). We performed high-performance liquid chromatography to measure substances’ concentrations. A post-hoc Tukey’s test was used to analyze the differences between the groups. All variables were significantly different between controls and smokers. The mean ratios between the concentration of cotinine in smokers compared to controls were as follows: 5.9 [2.5–13.5], p<0.001 in the urine; 25 [11.9–52.9], p<0.001 in the amniotic fluid; and 2.6 [1.0–6.8], p = 0.044 in the umbilical cord blood. The mean ratios of 1-hydroxypyrene concentration between smokers and controls were 7.3 [1.6–29.6], p = 0.003 in the urine and 1.3 [1.0–1.7], p = 0.012 in the amniotic fluid, and of benzopyrene in umbilical cord blood was 2.9 [1.7–4.7], p<0.001. There were no significant differences between controls and passive smokers. When comparing the three groups together, there were statistical differences between all variables. Thus, the fetuses of pregnant smokers are exposed to toxic and carcinogens substances. To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure 1-hydroxypyrene in the amniotic fluid and benzopyrene in umbilical cord blood by high-performance liquid chromatography when considering pregnant women in relation to smoking exposure only.

Septo uterino, duplicação cervical e septo vaginal: relato de rara malformação mülleriana com gestação a termo

This report describes an unusual case of spontaneous pregnancy in a patient with Mullerian anomaly. The patient was a 34-years old, white, nulligravida, with regular menstrual cycles, and suspected uterine septum observed during a routine ultrasonographic examination. The gynecological examination revealed a complete longitudinal vaginal septum and two uterine cervices. Three-dimensional pelvic ultrasonography showed cervix duplication, uterine septum from isthmus to endometrial cavity and absence of uterine body division, compatible with complete uterine septum and true dual cervices. She returned after one month and reported unprotected sexual intercourse and delayed menstrual period. She was pregnant, had a good pregnancy evolution, and delivered a healthy term baby girl, by cesarean section, at 37 weeks of pregnancy. This report describes a case of normal-term pregnancy in a patient with a rare anomaly (vaginal septum and two cervices) who became spontaneously pregnant without treatment.

Correção cirúrgica da coartação da aorta nos primeiros seis meses de vida

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate early and late results of aortic coarctation (CoAo) surgical repair in early months of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 1994 and May 2001, 89 patients were submitted to CoAo repair by subclavian artery flap angioplasty (Group 1 - n=49) or resection with end-to-end anastomosis (Group 2 - n=40). We analyzed and compared the mean age at operation, associated cardiac malformations, pre and postoperative aortic pressure gradient, surgical complications and mortality, and actuarial freedom from events curve. RESULTS: Most of patients were male (n=60 - 68%) and underwent to aortic repair under than one month of age, with severe heart failure (n=62 - 70%). CoAo was associated with intracardiac defects in 66 cases (74%). The aortic pressure gradient before and after surgery was 42 mmHg and 4,5 mmHg, respectively. Postoperative complications were persistent arterial hypertension (n=27), residual stenosis (n=5) and bleeding (n=3), and operative mortality was 10,2% (n=9), markedly higher in patients with associated cardiac malformations (12% vs. 4% - p<0,05). There were no differences in complications and mortality in both groups. Late re-coarctation was 16% in group 1 and 15% in group 2 (NS) and actuarial freedom from events in 60 months was 76% and 81%, respectively (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Most of surgical repair in symptomatic CoAo during early months is a life-saving procedure, due to severe heart failure; operative mortality is significant in patients with others cardiac defects; there were no differences in morbidity, mortality and recurrent coarctation rate between two surgical techniques performed.