Julia Weber

Metabolism of Deoxynivalenol and Deepoxy-Deoxynivalenol in Broiler Chickens, Pullets, Roosters and Turkeys

Recently, deoxynivalenol-3-sulfate (DON-3-sulfate) was proposed as a major DON metabolite in poultry. In the present work, the first LC-MS/MS based method for determination of DON-3-sulfate, deepoxy-DON-3-sulfate (DOM-3-sulfate), DON, DOM, DON sulfonates 1, 2, 3, and DOM sulfonate 2 in excreta samples of chickens and turkeys was developed and validated. To this end, DOM-3-sulfate was chemically synthesized and characterized by NMR and LC-HR-MS/MS measurements. Application of the method to excreta and chyme samples of four feeding trials with turkeys, chickens, pullets, and roosters confirmed DON-3-sulfate as the major DON metabolite in all poultry species studied. Analogously to DON-3-sulfate, DOM-3-sulfate was formed after oral administration of DOM both in turkeys and in chickens. In addition, pullets and roosters metabolized DON into DOM-3-sulfate. In vitro transcription/translation assays revealed DOM-3-sulfate to be 2000 times less toxic on the ribosome than DON. Biological recoveries of DON and DOM orally administered to broiler chickens, turkeys, and pullets were 74%–106% (chickens), 51%–72% (roosters), and 131%–151% (pullets). In pullets, DON-3-sulfate concentrations increased from jejunum chyme samples to excreta samples by a factor of 60. This result, put into context with earlier studies, indicates fast and efficient absorption of DON between crop and jejunum, conversion to DON-3-sulfate in intestinal mucosa, liver, and possibly kidney, and rapid elimination into excreta via bile and urine.

Simultaneous preparation of α/β-zearalenol glucosides and glucuronides

An improved and reproducible procedure for the preparation of four different glycosides of the mycotoxins α- and β-zearalenol (α,β-ZEL), both metabolites of the Fusarium toxin zearalenone (ZEN), is reported. These conjugated or masked mycotoxins are formed during phase II metabolism in plants (glucosides) or animals and humans (glucuronides). Improved regioselective Königs-Knorr glucuronidation was applied to ZEN followed by reduction of the keto group of the mycotoxin, leading to α- and β-configuration of ZEL and also to a partial reduction of the glucuronic acid methyl ester to obtain the corresponding glucosides. After deprotection of the sugar moiety, α- and β-zearalenol-14-β,D-glucuronide as well as the corresponding glucosides were isolated at once using preparative HPLC. The reduction step was studied under different reaction conditions to finally develop an optimized and also tunable procedure for the first simultaneous preparation of both, glucosides and glucuronides of a xenobiotic substance in reasonable amounts to be used as reference materials for bioanalytical and toxicological investigations.

Synthesis of zearalenone-16-β,D-glucoside and zearalenone-16-sulfate: A tale of protecting resorcylic acid lactones for regiocontrolled conjugation

Summary The development of a reliable procedure for the synthesis of the 16-glucoside and 16-sulfate of the resorcylic acid lactone (RAL) type compound zearalenone is presented. Different protective group strategies were considered and applied to enable the preparation of glucosides and sulfates that are difficult to access up to now. Acetyl and p-methoxybenzyl protection led to undesired results and were shown to be inappropriate. Finally, triisopropylsilyl-protected zearalenone was successfully used as intermediate for the first synthesis of the corresponding mycotoxin glucoside and sulfate that are highly valuable as reference materials for further studies in the emerging field of masked mycotoxins. Furthermore, high stability was observed for aryl sulfates prepared as tetrabutylammonium salts. Overall, these findings should be applicable for the synthesis of similar RAL type and natural product conjugates.

Chemical Glucosylation of Labile Natural Products Using a (2-Nitrophenyl)acetyl-Protected Glucosyl Acetimidate Donor: Chemical Glucosylation of Labile Natural Products Using a (2-Nitrophenyl)acetyl-Protected Glucosyl Acetimidate Donor

The synthesis of (2‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NPAc)‐protected glucosyl donors is described that were designed for the neighboring‐group assisted glucosylation of base‐labile natural products also being sensitive to hydrogenolysis. Glycosylation conditions were optimized using a trichloroacetimidate glucosyl donor, and cyclohexylmethanol and (+)‐menthol as model acceptors. The approach was then extended to a one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of 1,2‐trans‐glycosides. This method was finally applied for improved synthesis of the masked mycotoxin T2‐O‐β,d‐glucoside.