Jung-Kook Kim

Neurorestorative effects of epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on cognitive function in a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model.

PURPOSE This study investigated whether (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) can enhance cognition by a neurorestorative effect in a rat model of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). METHODS Forty-eight male, 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to four groups 6 weeks after BCCAO or sham operation: EGCG-single intravenous injection (25 mg/kg/day; SIV group), EGCG-multiple intraperitoneal injection (50 mg/kg/day for 5 days; MIP group), untreated BCCAO group (untreated group), and sham-operated group (sham group). RESULTS Escape latency was significantly shorter in the SIV and MIP groups than in the untreated group. SIV and MIP groups were significantly different from the untreated group in the activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of malondialdehyde (p < 0.05). Protein expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor was not significantly different between groups (p > 0.05), while protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was significantly lower in the SIV group than in the untreated group (p < 0.05). Protein expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B was significantly higher in the MIP group than in the untreated group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS EGCG administration at 6 weeks after BCCAO is neurorestorative via an anti-oxidant effect and synaptogenesis, except for angiogenesis.

Effect of regular swimming exercise to duration-intensity on neurocognitive function in cerebral infarction rat model

ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigated the effect of regular swimming exercise according to the duration-intensity on neurocognitive function in a cerebral infarction rat model. Methods: Forty male Sprague–Dawley 10-week-old rats, weighing 300 ± 50 g, were subjected to photothrombotic cerebral infarction. The remaining 36 rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 9 per group: non-exercise (group A); swimming exercise of short duration-intensity (5 min/day, group B); swimming exercise of moderate duration-intensity (10 min/day, group C); and swimming exercise of long duration-intensity (20 min/day, group D). Exercise was performed five times a week for 4 weeks, beginning the day after cerebral infarction. Neurocognitive function was evaluated with the Morris water maze test. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis examined brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at 4 weeks postinfarction. Results: At 4 weeks postinfarction, escape latency was found to be shorter in group C than in any of groups A, B, or D. Immunohistochemistry revealed the most significant immunoreactivity for BDNF and VEGF in group C. Western blot analysis demonstrated that BDNF and VEGF proteins were markedly expressed in group C. Conclusions: Regular swimming exercise of moderate duration-intensity may be the most effective exercise protocol for the recovery of neurocognitive function in cerebral infarction rat model.

Does rTMS Affect Angiogenesis as Well as Neurogenesis in the Rat Brain

adults, it is unclear whether fresh osteochondral allograft transplantations similarly restore function in skeletally immature patients who failed conventional treatment. Therefore, we determined function in (1) daily activity; (2) sports participation; and (3) healing (by imaging) in children with juvenile OCD who failed conventional therapy and underwent fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation. Design: We retrospectively reviewed 11 children with OCD of the knee treated with a fresh stored osteochondral allograft between 2004 and 2009 (six males and five females). The average age of the children at the time of their allograft surgery was 15.2 years (range, 13-20 years). The clinical assessments included physical examination, radiography, MRI, and a modified Merle D’Aubigné-Postel score. The size of the allograft was an average of 5.11 cm. The minimum followup was 12 months (average, 24 months; range, 1241 months). Setting: Retrospective chart review at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin. Participants: 11 children with OCD of the knee treated with a fresh stored osteochondral allograft between 2004 and 2009 (six males and five females). Interventions: Surgical osteochondral allograft transplantations. Results or Clinical Course: All patients had returned to activities of daily living without difficulties at 6 months and returned to full sports activities between 9 and 12 months after surgery. The modified Merle D’Aubigné-Postel score improved from an average of 12.7 preoperatively to 16.3 at 24 months postoperatively. Followup radiographs at 2 years showed full graft incorporation and no demarcation between the host and graft bone Conclusions: Our observations suggested fresh osteochondral allografts restored short-term function in patients with juvenile OCD who failed standard treatments.

The effect of chronic formaldehyde exposure on the hippocampus in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic formaldehyde (FA) exposure on the hippocampus in the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model. Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: (A) sham-operated bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) with room air inhalation, (B) BCCAO with room air inhalation, (C) sham-operated BCCAO with FA inhalation at a concentration of 10 mL vapor m−3, 1 h per day for 90 days, and (D) BCCAO with FA inhalation. Decreased mobility, injected conjunctivae, and overreaction were observed in groups C and D rats after 30 days of FA exposure. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in group D at 90 days after FA exposure. The expression of Bax protein increased, while Bcl-2 and NR2B proteins decreased significantly in group D compared to group B or C. Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) positive cells decreased significantly in group D. Neuronal loss, oxidative stress, and the expression of proteins were more prominent at 90 days after FA exposure, especially in group D. Oxidative stress-induced neuronal damages in the hippocampus may be a possible mechanism of neurotoxicity as a result of chronic FA exposure. Chronic exposure of FA caused more neuronal damage in the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model.

Poster 542 Comparison of Treadmill and Swimming Exercises on the Cognitive Function in Cerebral Infarction Rats

Disclosures: I. Choi, No Disclosures. Objective: Regular aerobic exercise programs such as walking and swimming improved the cognitive function in healthy or aged persons. However, there is no evidence which exercise would be more effective on the cognitive function in stroke patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of treadmill exercise and swimming exercise on the cognitive function in cerebral infarction rats. Design: A prospective, experimental, group allocation design. Setting: An animal laboratory in the tertiary university hospital. Participants: Twenty-seven 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Interventions: Rats were subjected to photothrombotic cerebral infarction on the left parietal lobe. All rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (group A, n 9); swimming exercise group (group B, free swimming, 10 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks, n 9); treadmill exercise group (group C, maximal velocity of 24 m/min, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks, n 9). Main Outcome Measures: Morris water maze tests were performed for the evaluation of the cognitive function. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hippocampus was measured. Cresyl violet stain and immunohistochemistry for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus were conducted. Results: After the exercise programs of 4 weeks, escape latencies on hidden platform trial were shorter in group B and C than in group A (P .006). However, there was no significant difference between group B and C. The activity of SOD was more increased in group B and C than in group A (P .000). However, there was no significant difference between group B and C. More normal neuronal cells were found in CA3 region of hippocampus of group B and C. Immunoreactivity for BDNF was more expressed in group B and C. Conclusions: Treadmill exercise and swimming exercise were not different in terms of the effect on the cognitive function. Both exercises would be useful for improving the cognitive function in photothrombotic cerebral infarction rats.

Poster 541 The Effect of Swimming Exercise on Cognitive Function in Cerebral Infarction Rats

Disclosures: H. Akinbiyi, No Disclosures. Case Description: This case describes a previously healthy patient who presented to ER with acute headache, diplopia, and weakness. She was diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage requiring external ventricular drain. Cerebral angiography showed no evidence of aneurysm. She was intubated for airway protection. After extubation she began to experience urinary retention requiring intermittent catheterization and complained of low back pain. She was further evaluated with lumbar spine MRI, which showed epidural hematoma at L2-L3 level. Setting: Single-center. Results or Clinical Course: Prior to discharge patient had resolution of both urinary retention and low back pain. Initial FIM Score:70. After 2 weeks of intensive therapy, including speech/ OT/PT the patient continued to improve with regard to mobility and gait dysfunction with discharge FIM Score:111. Discussion: This is the first reported case of cryptic hemorrhage complicated by epidural hematoma. In 1956, Crawford and Russell first coined the term “cryptic” vascular malformation in reference to small, clinically “latent” vascular lesions, some of which were angiographically occult, that resulted in either apoplectic cerebral hemorrhage or signs of a growing mass lesion. These lesions were pathologically diverse, consisting of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), venous hamartoma, and are now called cavernous angiomas. Cryptic vascular malformations actually encompass a group of heterogenous malformations. The pathogenesis of cryptic vascular malformation is still unknown. Wilson has proposed that petechial hemorrhage leads to the development of cryptic vascular malformation. Conclusions: This is a unique case of patient with cryptic cerebral hemorrhage with extension to lumbar area, not reported in rehabilitation literature and it is important to raise awareness of physiatrists.

85. Correlations among diabetic complications according to severity

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a common cause of polyneuropathy (PN). The development and progression of nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy are closely interrelated. Objectives: To investigate the correlations among diabetic complications including polyneuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy according to the severity of each complication. Methods: One hundred diabetic polyneuropathy patients (47 males, 53 females; age 67.8 ± 10.6 years; duration of disease 11.8 ± 8.2 years) were recruited. The severity of diabetic polyneuropathy was electrodiagnostically determined by modified Stevens’ criteria, that of retinopathy by the fundoscopic findings, and that of nephropathy by the urine protein level collected for 24 h. Results: (1) Twenty two patients had a retinopathy and 10 patients had a nephropathy combined with PN. Thirty patients had a triopathy. (2) There were significant correlations between polyneuropathy and retinopathy, between polyneuropathy and nephropathy, and between retinopathy and nephropathy (p < 0.05). (3) As the severity of each polyneuropathy and retinopathy became worse, the urine protein level went up significantly (p < 0.05). (4) The severity of retinopathy was significantly correlated with tibial nerve conduction velocity and F-wave onset latency, each (p < 0.05). (5) The urine protein level was significantly correlated with peroneal nerve F-wave onset latency and amplitude, each (p < 0.05). (6) HbA1c was significantly correlated with the severities of polyneuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The severity of diabetic polyneuropathy was correlated with those of retinopathy and nephropathy. We believe that the electrodiagnostic evaluation of diabetic polyneuropathy will be helpful for the early detection of other diabetic complications. Study supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD). The Regional Research University’s Program/Biohousing Research Institute.

P15.1 Clinical characteristics of brachial plexopathy

Background: Event related desynchro-/synchronization (ERD/ERS) is known closely correlate with the activation of brain function. Regional ECoG measured during motor tasks could include information process from intention to motor programing, and would be highly informative source for better brain–computer interface (BCI). Objective: Present study is to evaluate the regional difference in oscillatory changes evoked by different motor tasks concerning to the discrimination of movements. Patients and methods: Thirteen patients with intractable pain or epilepsy who had implanted subdural grid electrodes participated. ECoG was recorded around sensorimotor area during four different motor tasks (hand grasping, thumb flexion, wrist flection, and elbow flexion). The time-frequency spectral maps of those signals were analyzed and statistically compared between the resting and active states using brain electrical source analysis (BESA). Results: ERD of alpha–beta bands and gamma ERS was detected 200–800 ms prior to the actual movements over wide areas of sensorimotor cortex. With the statistical analysis, regional specificity was obtained between activated electrodes and the sort of motor task. The appearances of gamma ERS, however, tend to be more task specific spatially and shorter compared to those of alpha/beta ERD. Discussion: ERD/ERS was evident before the movement in ECoG. The sort of the motor tasks was differentiable combining power spectrum and statistical analysis. This method would be useful for more precise and quicker BCI.