Juree Charoenteeraboon

Antibacterial Activity and Drug Release of Chitosan Sponge Containing Doxycycline Hyclate

The purpose of the present study was to develop and characterize the chitosan sponges loading with doxycycline hyclate and their antibacterial activities. The pore density of chitosan sponge prepared with freeze drying technique was increased as the higher concentrated chitosan solution was used. The sponge prepared from 10% w/w of the chitosan solution and crosslinking with glutaraldehyde solution was utilized for loading with doxycycline hyclate. The drug release and sustainable antibacterial activity of fabricated sponge were assessed using dissolution test and agar diffusion test, respectively. Drug release from non-crosslinked sponge into phosphate buffer pH7.4 was slower than that from crosslinked sponge since the former could absorb the medium and form gel to retard the initial drug diffusion. Sustainable antibacterial activity of developed sponge was evident against S. aureus and E. coli. In conclusion, the in vitro release profile and antibacterial efficiency indicated that doxycycline hyclate could be sustained using chitosan sponge.

Chitosan–aluminum monostearate composite sponge dressing containing asiaticoside for wound healing and angiogenesis promotion in chronic wound

There are many factors that delay healing in chronic wounds including lowering level of growth factors and increasing exudate level comprising high amount of tissue destructive enzymes. Asiaticoside possesses interesting wound healing and angiogenic activities that are employed to stimulate tissue regeneration in wound healing application. This study attempted to develop chitosan-aluminum monostearate (Alst) composite sponge containing asiaticoside for use as an absorbent medical dressing in chronic wound. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was used to enhance homogeneity of asiaticoside in the polymer composite matrix. The sponge dressings were prepared by lyophilization and dehydrothermal treatment (DHT). Functional group interaction, crystallinity, and morphology of the prepared sponges were investigated using FT-IR, PXRD, and SEM, respectively. Physicochemical properties, porosity, hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties and mechanical property, were evaluated. Wound dressing properties, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), fluid absorbency, oxygen permeation (OP), and bio-adhesive property, were investigated. In vitro asiaticoside release study was conducted using immersion method. Cytotoxicity was studied in normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) and normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK). Angiogenic activity of asiaticoside was evaluated using chick-chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. FT-IR and PXRD results revealed the amidation after DHT to enhance the crystallinity of the prepared sponges. The prepared sponges had high porosity comprising high Alst-loaded amount that exhibited more compact structure. Alst enhanced hydrophobicity therefore it reduced the fluid absorption and WVTR together with bio-adhesion of the prepared sponge dressings. Porosity of all sponges was more than 85% therefore resulting in their high OP. Enhancing hydrophobicity of the material by Alst and more homogeneity caused by NMP eventually retarded the asiaticoside release for 7 days. The sponge extractions were non-toxic to the cells moreover they promoted NHDF and NHEK cell proliferation. Asiaticoside and asiaticoside-contained dressings exhibited dose-dependent angiogenic activity in CAM model.

Characterization and antimicrobial activity of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone-loaded ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer thermosensitive gel

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone on the thermosensitive properties of aqueous ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer (Lutrol® F127) system. Due to the aqueous solubility enhancement and biocompatibility, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is an interesting solubilizer for the poorly water soluble drugs to be incorporated in the Lutrol® F127 system. Effect of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone on physicochemical properties of Lutrol® F127 system was investigated using appearance, pH, gelation, gel melting temperature and rheology. The antimicrobial activity of the thermosensitive N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone gel was also tested. Lower N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone amount (≤30%w/w) could shift the sol-gel transition to a lower temperature but the gel-sol transition was shifted to a higher temperature. Higher N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (≥40%w/w) could shift both sol-gel and gel-sol transitions of the system to a lower temperature. The amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone >60% w/w could reverse the phase of the Lutrol® F127 system to non-newtonian flow at 4° and Newtonian flow at high temperature. Aqueous Lutrol® F127 system containing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans with the N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in a dose-dependent manner.

Texture and topography analysis of doxycycline hyclate thermosensitive systems comprising zinc oxide.

To characterize the thermal behavior and texture analysis of doxycycline hyclate thermosensitive gels developed for periodontitis treatment containing zinc oxide prepared by using poloxamer (Lutrol® F127) as polymeric material and N-methyl pyrrolidone was used as cosolvent. The thermosensitive gel comprising doxycycline hyclate, Lutrol® F127, and N-methyl pyrrolidone were characterized for the thermal behavior and texture analysis. The topography of the system after the dissolution test was characterized with scanning electron microscope. Differential scanning calorimetric thermogram exhibited the endothermic peaks in the systems containing high amount of N-methyl pyrrolidone in solvent. The sol-gel transition temperature of the systems decreased as the zinc oxide amount was increased. The addition of doxycycline hyclate, zinc oxide, and N-methyl pyrrolidone affected the syringeability of systems. The addition of zinc oxide into the doxycycline hyclate-Lutrol® F127 systems decreased the diameter of inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans since zinc oxide decreased the diffusion and prolonged release of doxycycline hyclate. From scanning electron microscope analysis, the porous surface of 20% w/w Lutrol® F127 system was notably different from that of gel comprising doxycycline hyclate which had interconnected pores and smooth surfaces. The number of pores was decreased with increasing zinc oxide and the porous structure was smaller and more compact. Therefore, the addition of zinc oxide could increase the syringeability of doxycycline hyclate-Lutrol® F127 system with the temperature dependence. Zinc oxide decreased inhibition zone against test microbes because of prolongation of doxycycline hyclate release and reduced size of continuous cells. Furthermore, zinc oxide also increased the compactness of wall surfaces of Lutrol® F127.

Benzoyl Peroxide In Situ Forming Antimicrobial Gel for Periodontitis Treatment

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the tooth caused by bacterial infection which can result in tooth loss. The local intra-pocket drug delivery system was interesting and highly effective for periodontitis treatment. In situ forming gel system is the polymeric solution which could transform into gel for localizing and sustaining the drug release at desired site. This system has been recommended as one of suitable delivery system for this purpose. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) in situ forming gels were developed using Eudragit RS as polymer dispersed in N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP). Peppermint oil and polyethylene glycol 1500 were also incorporated as the excipients. The prepared systems were evaluated for rheology, syringeability (using texture analyzers), in situ gel formation (after injection into PBS pH 6.8), antimicrobial activity (against Streptococcus mutans with agar diffusion) and drug release (with dialysis method in PBS pH 6.8 at 50 rpm, 37 °C). The viscosity and syringeability of the prepared systems was increased as the amount of BPO, peppermint oil or PEG 1500 was increased. All prepared gels showed the Newtonian flow which the viscosity was decreased as the temperature was increased. All prepared gels comprising peppermint oil and PEG 1500 could form in situ gel in used medium which the pH was close to the environment pH of periodontal pocket. The inhibition zone against Streptococcus mutans of the prepared system was significantly decreased when the peppermint oil and PEG 1500 was incorporated owing to the higher viscous environment and thereafter retardation of drug diffusion was evident. This effect could prolong the drug release. From drug release test, all prepared gels could sustain the BPO release for at least 96 hrs. Release kinetic obtained from curve fitting with various release equations using least square fit technique indicated that the release patterns were as Higuchi’s model therefore the release of BPO was performed with diffusion control. This developed BPO in situ forming gel presented its ability as the controlled drug delivery system for localized antimicrobial activity at periodontal pocket.

Comparison of eleven heavy metals in moringa oleifera lam. products

Eleven heavy metals in various products of Moringa oleifera were analyzed to determine eleven heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, and Zn) using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. The products of M. oleifera were purchased in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. All products were digested with nitric acid solution before determining the concentrations of heavy metals. The recoveries of all heavy metals were found to be in the range of 99.89-103.05%. Several criteria such as linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, specificity, precision under repeatability conditions and intermediate precision reproducibility were evaluated. Results indicate that this method could be used in the laboratory for determination of eleven heavy metals in M. oleifera products with acceptable analytical performance. The results of analysis showed that the highest concentrations of As, Cr, Hg, and Mn were found in tea leaves while the highest concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn were found in leaf capsules. Continuous monitoring of heavy metals in M. oleifera products is crucial for consumer health.

Comparison of Essential Oils Compositions of Citrus maxima Merr. Peel Obtained by Cold Press and Vacuum Stream Distillation Methods and of Its Peel and Flower Extract Obtained by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Method and Their Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract The oils and extracts of the fruit peels of pomelo (Citrus maxima Merr. cultivar ‘khao-yai’) were obtained by cold-pressing (CP), vacuum steam distillation (VSD) and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) and the extract of the flowers was obtained by SC-CO2. The composition of the oils and extracts of the peel and flower were determined by GC and GC/MS. Fifty, 53 and 60 components of the oils and extract from peels by CP, VD and SC-CO2 were identified, respectively. Their main components were limonene (93.4–95.4%). Fifty-one components of the flower extract were identified and the main component was also limonene (86.2–86.8%). The oils and extract of pomelo showed fairly good activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.

Combination Effects of the Antimicrobial Agents and Cinnamon Oil

The use of antimicrobial combination may be interesting because it can decrease doses and side effects of antimicrobial agents. The cinnamon essential oil was examined with respect to antimicrobial modifying activity. The combination effect of antimicrobial agents (doxycycline hyclate, ciprofloxacin HCl and metronidazole) and cinnamon oil was evaluated by checkerboard method to obtain a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index. The effect of metronidazole+doxycycline hyclate and metronidazole+ciprofloxacin hydrochloride combinations were additive against Staphylococcus aureus. The indifference FIC index was observed only with the doxycycline hyclate+ciprofloxacin HCl combination. Combinations of cinnamon oil and all antimicrobial agents showed the additive effects against S. aureus. These results indicated that the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon oil was generally additive to all test antimicrobial agents.

Role of Zinc Oxide on Rheology of Thermosensitive Gel Developed for Periodontitis Treatment

Periodontal disease is a major cause of tooth loss, therefore a more recent approach such as thermosensitive gel is loaded with antimicrobial drugs to be delivered locally to the periodontal pocket. The effect of ZnO on thermosensitive gel properties including gelation-gel melting temperature, rheology, syringeability, and the release behavior of antimicrobial drug such as doxycycline hyclate were investigated. The increased amount of ZnO apparently decreased the gelation temperature of the Lutrol® F127 system. Syringeability of the doxycycline hyclate-Lutrol® F127 systems were increased with the increased amount of ZnO. System comprising zinc oxide could prolong the release of doxycycline hyclate from Lutrol F127 systems and could be delivered from a syringe through a needle for utilizing in periodontitis therapy at the periodontal pocket.

Rapidly Dried Antimicrobial Spray for Foot Deodorant

This paper aimed to develop a physiologically activated dried antimicrobial spray for foot deodorant and select the suitable components such as film forming agent, solvent, antimicrobial agent and flavoring agents. The evaporation rates, antimicrobial activity, spray pattern, viscosity and cooling effect were evaluated. The developed formulation exhibited the high evaporating rate, high antimicrobial activity, appropriate spray pattern, slightly viscous solution with cooling effect after spraying onto skin. The developed formulation exhibited the potential application as the rapidly dried antimicrobial spray for foot deodorant.