Jussi Suomela

Evaluation of Energy Storage System Requirements for Hybrid Mining Loaders

The objective of this paper is to evaluate technical requirements for electrochemical energy storage systems (ESSs) in hybrid mining loaders. These requirements take into account power and energy capacity, costs, life cycle, and safety-related requirements. The evaluation of the requirements is based on the characteristics of the current energy storage technology and vehicle simulation results. The evaluation shows that lithium-based batteries offer sufficient power and energy capacity; meanwhile, the requirements for cost and cycle life durability are dependent on the operating strategy and configuration of the loader. In particular, the power-intensive duty cycle of a mining loader can be challenging for batteries in terms of cycle life and thermal management.

Electrical battery model for dynamic simulations of hybrid electric vehicles

This paper presents an electrical battery model for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries that can be used for dynamic simulations of hybrid electric non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) and other vehicles. Although the model has been developed mainly for large vehicle batteries with Li-ion based chemistries, it can be used for other battery chemistries as well. The parameters can be extracted from simple measurement sets. The model calculates e.g. state-of-charge, terminal voltage, and open-circuit voltage. In this paper, the model structure and parameter extraction are explained in detail, and a model for a 25.9 V lithium-ion polymer battery module with 40 Ah cells is presented. Parameters are extracted from experimental measurements and the model is validated by making another experiment with more realistic hybrid electric NRMM current profile.

Hardware-in-the-loop verification environment for heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles

This paper presents an implementation of a versatile hardware-in-the-loop verification environment for heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) control software development. The verification environment is located at university facilities, and it consists of full-scale HEV systems that can be loaded with either an electric motor dynamometer or a programmable chassis dynamometer. Model-based software development tools and rapid control prototyping hardware are used to control the test bench hardware and to develop and execute control software. The verification environment can also be used e.g. to measure the efficiency of electric traction motors, power electronic converters, energy storages, and hydraulic pumps.

Validation of quasi-static series hybrid electric vehicle simulation model

This paper presents validation measurements of a series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) drive line with an ultracapacitor energy buffer. The backward functional quasi-static power transfer plant models in SHEV are discussed and compared against validation measurements. The full power measurement equipment and equipment under tests (EUT) are presented. A traditional road cycle is used to imitate duty vehicles loading in the plant models validation tests. Finally, an energy management algorithm and its behavior are presented, and results are concluded.

Optimal efficiency based Gen-set control for series hybrid work machine

In series hybrid drivelines primary power producer produces majority of the required traction and auxiliary power. Optimizing the efficiency of the primary power producer helps minimizing the fuel consumption of the whole driveline. In this paper primary power producer is a diesel-generator (Gen-set). Diesel is both, torque and speed controlled. Fuel consumption chart, as a function of diesel speed and torque, is used to find optimal efficiency operating point in regard of system load. Supercapacitor is connected to dc-link via actively controlled dc/dc-converter. This supercapacitor module is controlled to provide residual power and it supports gen-set so that the optimal operating point can be used during all phases of the vehicle operation. Control design is tested using simulation model that has been verified with actual hardware components. Results are presented and analyzed, proving that the concept of optimal efficiency control contributes significantly to reduced fuel consumption.

Design of an energy management scheme for a series-hybrid powertrain

This study presents a design method for an energy management scheme of a series-hybrid powertrain. Different drive line topologies are briefly introduced, and their advantages and disadvantages discussed. Furthermore, an systematic energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) is used to introduce an example of a fuel cell (FC) series-hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) drive line, and its energy management in more detail. As a result, the study illustrates a design space of the powertrain, which can be derived based on the proposed energy management and dimensioning rules. Besides, feasibility of an EMR for the design, as well as the documentation of an energy management scheme is described.

Comparison of different buffering topologies in FC-hybrid non-road mobile machineries

This paper presents powertrain comparison for fuel cell hybrid non-road mobile machinery. The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of different fuel cell hybrid powertrain topologies. This study concentrates on hybrid powertrain topologies which are generated from the fuel cell source output to loading inverters inputs. The compared features of different powertrains are efficiency, weight, size, cost and lifetime costs, as well as, benefits and disadvantages. The study considers fuel cell hybrid topologies with different active and passive connections of a battery pack, an ultracapacitor pack or the both. The comparison of different powertrain topologies requires a validated simulation tool, specific power control algorithms for each topology, knowledge of the target application and several iteration rounds for simulations.

The Concept of Future Worksite - towards Teamwork-Centered Field Robotic Systems

Abstract This paper introduces a concept of future worksite and infrastructure developed for advancing the realization of the concept. The future worksite is an distributed multi-entity system, which consists of field robots and human workers working together. The paper describes the system architecture and the research areas with references to some of the results that has already been achieved.