Jyotsna Singh

Audio watermarking based on quantization index modulation using combined perceptual masking

In this paper, a robust audio watermarking scheme for MPEG-1/ Audio Layer II compressed domain is proposed. The scheme is implemented by modifying the subband coefficients using adaptive quantization index modulation. The watermarking procedure exploits perceptual frequency and temporal masking of the human auditory system (HAS) of MPEG coder to satisfy the requirements of robustness, security and transparency. This reduces the computational complexity of proposed scheme. The paper investigates the use of elevated masking threshold to improve detection and achieve higher robustness against re-encoding and awgn attacks. Experimental results show that high capacity of 6,840 bps with ODG −0.5 without altering the MPEG/audio bitrate.

A Combined Watermarking and Encryption Algorithm for Secure VoIP

ABSTRACT In the proposed technique we have merged two layers of security, namely, the watermarking layer and the secure channel management layer used in the framework of a real time multimedia security system. The joint layer embeds watermark to the host signal and deploys encryption simultaneously to protect multimedia data, thereby reducing the processing delay. The scheme supports G.729 codec bit-stream. Encryption is done using Data Encryption Standard (DES) protocol. The computation time and watermark-embedding rate is evaluated for the proposed algorithm.

Multiplicative watermarking of audio in DFT magnitude

In this paper, watermark is multiplicatively embedded in discrete fourier transform magnitude of audio signal using spread spectrum based technique. A new perceptual model for magnitude of discrete fourier transform coefficients is developed which finds the regions of highest watermark embedding capacity with least perceptual distortion. Theoretical evaluation of detector performance using correlation detector and likelihood ratio detector is undertaken under the assumption that host feature follows Weibull distribution. Also, experimental results are presented in order to show the performance of the proposed scheme under various attacks such as presence of multiple watermarks, additive white gaussian noise and audio compression.

Translation and scale invariance of 2D and 3D Hahn moments

Moment invariants of 3D point distributions may be computed that are ST(scale and translation) invariant, in the same way as 2D moment invariants. Hahn moment is a discrete orthogonal moment which can be a useful set of image feature descriptor. Their higher order moments have better image representation power as compared to legendre and Zernike moments. Hahn moments can be utilized to adaptively extract the global and local information of an image. 3D Hahn moments and their invariants can be used for image analysis and recognition of different 3D images, such as MRI or PET. In this paper, we have introduced TS(translation and scale) invariants of two and three-dimensional Hahn moments. The Experimental results are given in order to consolidate the theoretical derivations.

Insights into various dysfunctions in Parkinson’s disease: a survey

Parkinson disease is a neurological movement disorder recognized by James Parkinson in 1817. A patient suffering from Parkinson disease develops many dysfunctions. Dysfunction is an improper working of an organ. In this survey, we have discussed various types of dysfunctions like—presynaptic and postsynaptic, autonomic, mitochondrial, gastrointestinal and respiratory; and various symptoms which identify a particular dysfunction. We have made a detailed comparative study of all these dysfunctions and identified which one is commonly found in the patients of Parkinson disease based on the percentage of the patients suffering from a particular dysfunction. This survey enables readers to get an exhaustive aspect of dysfunctions as per their existence among the patients.

Audio Watermarking Based on PCM Technique

igital instruments come to be used in Desk Top Music (DTM), live performance, etc. These performances are recorded as digital contents, and circulated actively through network and electronic media. Digital Water mark technology paid much attention to solve the problem of illegal distribution & duplication when the digital contents are spread over electronic media. In this paper, we focus on a sound synthesized process in digital instruments, and propose a audio watermarking based on wavetable switching method. Certain watermarks are embedded in wavetables that are included in our digital instruments, and the insertion of secret messages is actualized with wavetable switching. Additionally, embedded watermarks can be extracted from the acoustic signal. The proposed method is able to achieve a real-time watermark, i.e., both musical performance and the insertion of watermark can be actualized. In this study, we focused on digital instrument to solve this problem. Digital instrument (like electronic piano, electric drum and so on) has been used for musical performances in practice, and digital instrument has a characteristic structure in its sound synthesis process. Additionally it was considered that characteristics of the synthesis could be used for real-time watermarking. The purpose of this study is to achieve a real-time watermarking technology with another approach for musical performance with digital instruments. In the proposed method, watermarks are embedded in the wavetable of digital instruments, and embedded data are extracted from the playback acoustic signal of digital instrument. Therefore, watermarks can be embedded in the output acoustic signal that is synthesized from the wavetable in real-time musical performance, and it can be useful for the copyrights protection of real-time generated acoustic media.

MPEG-2 video watermarking using quantization index modulation

Several video watermarking schemes have been proposed in recent years, but most of them are applied to uncompressed video. In this paper, a compressed video watermarking procedure is proposed to reduce the number of computations. In a video frame, luminance component contains more crucial information than chrominance. Also P-frames appear more frequently in the compressed video and therefore have higher watermark hiding capacity. In MPEG videos, the direct coefficient (DC) of chroma discrete cosine transform (DCT) in P frame of video is a parameter which always exists in video streams and has a high robustness. The proposed algorithm embeds the watermark data in DC component of chroma DCT of video P frames using QIM. The quality and robustness of watermarked video is evaluated under various attacks.

Watermarking of Unified Multimedia Data Types, Audio and Image

In this paper the audio and image are converted into unified data format. This data is then converted into randomized spectral components using two dimensional discrete fractional random transform. The parameters of encryption scheme are also utilized as a key in watermark embedding process. At the receiver end the data is decrypted, decoded for watermark and then reconverted to their original data formats. This method render no physical modifications in the host signal while embedding the watermark. Use of same randomization technique for encryption and watermarking of two different data types reduces number of computations. Further the signal recovered after decryption and watermark extraction process was found to have least deviation from the host signal.

Effect of applied current on sub-thalamic neuron

This paper describes the electrophysiological properties of the neurons within the STN. Inhibitory and excitatory inputs are given to an oval shaped small nucleus called STN. Short term synaptic plasticity could be one of the methods for repetitive simulation that evokes strong modulations of globus pallidus (GP) activity. Parkinsonism get synchronised with the firing of STN neurons and two types of external GP neuron. For analysis and study of synaptic current IG→S, an applied current Iapp is used and worked with different values of it. The result of the model will be compared and listed with the experimental results. Different values of applied current are taken which shows the relation with membrane conductance. The work is done on MATLAB R2014a tool Version 8.3.

Spiking Patterns of Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Alzheimer's Disease: Effects Caused by Noise Current

In this paper we study the effect of noise on HH Model. Small-world, regular and random neural networks are the types of HH neuronal networks, which we study in spiking synchronization. External noise and Sub threshold stimulus are subjected to all the neurons. In neuronal membranes we study biophysically realistic HH neurons with intensity of intrinsic noise via voltage gated ion channels. There is an optimal strength of noise that is found in each of all the neuronal networks to induce maximal spiking synchronization. We further study that there is a range of synaptic conductance that is present in each of neuronal networks to induce the effect that an optimal strength maximizes the spiking synchronization of noise. Also, the effect diminishes if the synaptic conductance becomes small or large. The synaptic conductance decreases to maximize the effect as the connections between neurons increases. General Terms Hodgkin-Huxley model, neural networks, spiking synchronization, coupling strength