Jyrki T. Lahtonen

On the Densest MIMO Lattices From Cyclic Division Algebras

It is shown why the discriminant of a maximal order within a cyclic division algebra must be minimized in order to get the densest possible matrix lattices with a prescribed nonvanishing minimum determinant. Using results from class field theory, a lower bound to the minimum discriminant of a maximal order with a given center and index (= the number of Tx/Rx antennas) is derived. Also numerous examples of division algebras achieving the bound are given. For example, a matrix lattice with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) coefficients that has 2.5 times as many codewords as the celebrated Golden code of the same minimum determinant is constructed. Also, a general algorithm due to Ivanyos and Ronyai for finding maximal orders within a cyclic division algebra is described and enhancements to this algorithm are discussed. Also some general methods for finding cyclic division algebras of a prescribed index achieving the lower bound are proposed.

On the odd and the aperiodic correlation properties of the Kasami sequences

Derives a new upper bound for the odd and the aperiodic correlations of binary sequences in the small Kasami family. The approach is based on a technique described in S. Litsyn and A. Tietavainen (1994) that is originally due to I.M. Vinogradov (1954). An essential ingredient in this method is a good upper bound on the discrete Fourier coefficients of a shifted product of a pair of sequences. The author obtains an upper bound of the order O(/spl radic/LlnL) for the maximal aperiodic and odd correlation magnitudes for sequences of length L. >

Maximal Orders in the Design of Dense Space-Time Lattice Codes

In this paper, we construct explicit rate-one, full-diversity, geometrically dense matrix lattices with large, nonvanishing determinants (NVDs) for four transmit antenna multiple-input-single-output (MISO) space-time (ST) applications. The constructions are based on the theory of rings of algebraic integers and related subrings of the Hamiltonian quaternions and can be extended to a larger number of Tx antennas. The usage of ideals guarantees an NVD larger than one and an easy way to present the exact proofs for the minimum determinants. The idea of finding denser sublattices within a given division algebra is then generalized to a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) case with an arbitrary number of Tx antennas by using the theory of cyclic division algebras (CDAs) and maximal orders. It is also shown that the explicit constructions in this paper all have a simple decoding method based on sphere decoding. Related to the decoding complexity, the notion of sensitivity is introduced, and experimental evidence indicating a connection between sensitivity, decoding complexity, and performance is provided. Simulations in a quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel show that our dense quaternionic constructions outperform both the earlier rectangular lattices and the rotated quasi-orthogonal ABBA lattice as well as the diagonal algebraic space-time (DAST) lattice. We also show that our quaternionic lattice is better than the DAST lattice in terms of the diversity-multiplexing gain tradeoff (DMT).

On the algebraic structure of the Silver code: A 2 × 2 perfect space-time block code

Recently, a family of full-rate, full-diversity space-time block codes (STBCs) for 2 times 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels was proposed in the works of Tirkkonen et al., using a combination of Clifford algebra and Alamouti structures, namely twisted space-time transmit diversity code. This family was recently rediscovered by Paredes et al., and they pointed out that such STBCs enable reduced-complexity maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding. Independently, the same STBCs were found in the work of Samuel and Fitz (2007) and named multi-strata space-time codes. In this paper we show how this code can be constructed algebraically from a particular cyclic division algebra (CDA). This formulation enables to prove that the code has the non-vanishing determinant (NVD) property and hence achieves the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) optimality. The fact that the normalized minimum determinant is 1/radic(7) places this code in the second position with respect to the golden code, which exhibits a minimum determinant of 1/radic(5), and motivates the name silver code.

New Space–Time Code Constructions for Two-User Multiple Access Channels

This paper addresses the problem of constructing multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) codes for two users. The users are assumed to be equipped with nt transmit antennas, and there are nr antennas available at the receiving end. A general scheme is proposed and shown to achieve the optimal diversity-multiplexing gain tradeoff (DMT). Moreover, an explicit construction for the special case of nt = 2 and nr = 2 is given, based on the optimization of the code shape and density. All the proposed constructions are based on cyclic division algebras and their orders and take advantage of the multi-block structure. Computer simulations show that both the proposed schemes yield codes with excellent performance improving upon the best previously known codes. Finally, it is shown that the previously proposed design criteria for DMT optimal MU-MIMO codes are sufficient but in general too strict and impossible to fulfill. Relaxed alternative design criteria are then proposed and shown to be still sufficient for achieving the multiple-access channel diversity-multiplexing tradeoff.

Group codes generated by finite reflection groups

Slepian-type group codes generated by finite Coxeter groups are considered. The resulting class of group codes is a generalization of the well-known permutation modulation codes of Slepian (1965), it is shown that a restricted initial-point problem for these codes has a canonical solution that can easily be computed. This allows one to enumerate all optimal group codes in this restricted sense and essentially solves the initial-point problem for all finite reflection groups. Formulas for the cardinality and the minimum distance of such codes are given. The new optimal group codes from exceptional reflection groups that are obtained achieve high rates and have excellent distance properties. The decoding regions for maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding are explicitly characterized and an efficient ML-decoding algorithm is presented. This algorithm relies on an extension of Slepians decoding of permutation modulation and has similar low complexity,.

Z 8 -Kerdock codes and pseudorandom binary sequences

The Z8-analogues of the Kerdock codes of length n = 2m were introduced by Carlet in 1998. We study the binary sequences of period n - 1 obtained from their cyclic version by using the most significant bit (MSB)-map. The relevant Boolean functions are of degree 4 in general. The linear span of these sequences has been known to be of the order of m4. We will show that the crosscorrelation and nontrivial autocorrelation of this family are both upper bounded by a small multiple of √n. The nonlinearity of these sequences has a similar lower bound. A generalization of the above results to the alphabet Z2l, l≥4 is sketched out.

On Niho type cross-correlation functions of m-sequences

Assume that d=1(modq-1). We study the number of solutions to (x+1)^d=x^d+1 in GF(q^2). In addition, we give a simple proof of the fact that the cross-correlation function between two m-sequences, which differ by a decimation of this type, is at least four-valued.

A New Tool: Constructing STBCs from Maximal Orders in Central Simple Algebras

A means to construct dense, full-diversity STBCs from maximal orders in central simple algebras is introduced for the first time. As an example we construct an efficient ST lattice code with non-vanishing determinant for 4 transmit antenna MISO application. Also a general algorithm for testing the maximality of a given order is presented. By using a maximal order instead of just the ring of algebraic integers, the size of the code increases without losses in the minimum determinant. The usage of a proper ideal of a maximal order further improves the code, as the minimum determinant increases. Simulations in a quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel show that our lattice outperforms the DAST-lattice due to the properties described above.

DMT Optimal Codes Constructions for Multiple-Access MIMO Channel

Explicit code constructions for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiple-access channels (MAC) with K users are presented in this paper. The first construction is dedicated to the case of symmetric MIMO-MAC where all the users have the same number of transmit antennas nt and transmit at the same level of per-user multiplexing gain r. Furthermore, we assume that the users transmit in an independent fashion and do not cooperate. The construction is systematic for any values of K, nt and r. It is proved that this newly proposed construction achieves the optimal MIMO-MAC diversity-multiplexing gain tradeoff (DMT) provided by Tse at high-SNR regime. In the second part of the paper we take a further step to investigate the MAC-DMT of a general MIMO-MAC where the users are allowed to have different numbers of transmit antennas and can transmit at different levels of multiplexing gain. The exact optimal MAC-DMT of such channel is explicitly characterized in this paper. Interestingly, in the general MAC-DMT, some users might not be able to achieve their single-user DMT performance as in the symmetric case, even when the multiplexing gains of the other users are close to 0. Detailed explanations of such unexpected result are provided in this paper. Finally, by generalizing the code construction for the symmetric MIMO-MAC, explicit code constructions are provided for the general MIMO-MAC and are proved to be optimal in terms of the general MAC-DMT.