K.-D. Weltmann

Antimicrobial treatment of heat sensitive products by miniaturized atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs)

The technological potential of non-thermal plasmas for the antimicrobial treatment of heat sensitive materials is well known. Despite a multitude of scientific activities with considerable progress within the last few years, the realization of industrial plasma-based decontamination or sterilization technology remains a great challenge. This may be due to the fact that an antimicrobial treatment process needs to consider all properties of the product to be treated as well as the requirements of the complete procedure, e.g. a reprocessing cycle of medical instruments. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the applicability of plasma-based processes for the antimicrobial treatment on selected heat sensitive products. The strategy is to use modular, selective and miniaturized plasma sources, which are driven at atmospheric pressure and adaptable to the products to be treated.

Skin decontamination by low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma jet and dielectric barrier discharge plasma

BACKGROUND Over the past few years, plasma medicine has become an important field in medical science. Cold plasma has proven anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antineoplastic effects. AIM To test the decontamination power of two cold plasma sources [low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBD)] in vivo on human fingertips. METHODS After 3, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 s of spot treatment with the APPJ and DBD, the log reduction factors (RFs) of physiological (PF) and artificially (AF) contaminated flora (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus) were calculated. The bacterial load was determined after counting. Tolerance (paresthesia, pain and heat) was measured using a numerical rating scale. FINDINGS Both plasma devices led to a significant reduction in PF and AF. The maximum log reduction factors for PF were 1.3 for the DBD at 210 s and 0.8 for the APPJ at 60 s. For AF, the maximum log reduction factors were 1.7 for the DBD at 90 s and 1.4 for the APPJ at 120 s. Treatment with both devices was well tolerated. CONCLUSION Both the APPJ and DBD were highly effective in eradicating PF and AF from the fingertips of healthy volunteers. No plasma-resistant isolates were observed. Cold plasma appears to have potential for skin disinfection. For hand hygiene purposes, plasma exposure times would need to be reduced significantly by technical means.

Local deposition of SiOx plasma polymer films by a miniaturized atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ)

An atmospheric plasma jet (APPJ, 27.17 MHz, Ar with 1% HMDSO) has been studied for the deposition of thin silicon-organic films. Jet geometries are attractive for local surface treatment or for conformal covering of 3D forms, e.g. inner walls of wells, trenches or cavities, because they are not confined by electrodes and their dimensions can be varied from several centimetres down to the sub-millimetre region. Deposition experiments have been performed on flat polymer and glass samples with a deposition rate of 0.25–23 nm s−1. The knowledge of the static deposition profile of the plasma source (footprint) is essential to allow for a controlled deposition with the source moving relative to the substrate. By adjusting the plasma parameters (RF power and gas flow) to the geometry (i.e. electrode configuration, tube diameter, relative tube position, substrate distance) the footprint can be shaped from a ring form reflecting the tube dimension to a parabolic profile. Next to the conventional stochastic mode of operation we observe a characteristic locked mode—reported here for the first time for an RF-APPJ which can improve the film deposition process distinctively. The experimental results of the local film distribution agree well with an analytical model of the deposition kinetics. The film properties have been evaluated (profilometry, XPS, FT-IR spectroscopy and SEM) for different deposition conditions and substrate distance. The FT-IR spectra demonstrate dominating SiO absorption bands, thus providing an indication for the prevailing (inorganic) SiOx character of the films. HMDSO molecules disintegrate to a sufficient degree as proved by the absence of CH2 absorption in the spectra. XPS measurements confirm the local dependence with a slightly increased organic character a few millimetres away from the maximum in the deposition profile. The substrate distance and the source direction both seem relevant and require consideration during coating of 3D objects.

The hairline plasma: An intermittent negative dc-corona discharge at atmospheric pressure for plasma medical applications

A cold atmospheric pressure plasma source, called hairline plasma, for biological and medical applications has been developed. Using the physical effect of the negative dc corona discharge, a nanosecond pulsed microplasma has been created. The device produces a very thin (d∼30 μm) plasma filament with a length of up to 1.5 cm. Due to this geometrical parameters this plasma is particularly suitable for the treatment of microscopic cavities. The low plasma temperature allows to treat the human skin without any heating or painful irritation.

Spectroscopic investigation of the high-current phase of a pulsed GMAW process

While metal vapours have an important impact on the efficiency of the pulsed gas metal arc welding process, only a few papers are focused on this effect. In this paper, methods based on emission spectroscopy are performed to improve the understanding of the physical phenomena occurring during the high-current pulse. Boltzmann plots applied to iron lines, the Stark broadening of the 696.5 nm argon line and composition calculations assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium are used to determine characteristic parameters of the plasma. It is observed that the central part of the arc is composed mainly of iron. The percentage of iron increases quickly at the beginning of the high-current pulse, and slowly decreases when the central part broadens. During the high-current phase the temperature profile has a minimum value of around 8000 K at the axis of the arc while the argon envelope of the central part reaches temperatures of approximately 13.000 K. The high percentage of iron and the high radiation of the plasma at the centre can explain the measured shape of the temperature profile.

Risk assessment of a cold argon plasma jet in respect to its mutagenicity

Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas represent a favorable option for the treatment of heat sensitive materials and human or animal tissue. Beneficial effects have been documented in a variety of medical conditions, e.g., in the treatment of chronic wounds. It is assumed that the main mechanism of the plasmas efficacy is mediated by a stimulating dissipation of energy via radiation and/or chemical energy. Although no evidence on undesired side effects of a plasma treatment has yet been presented, skepticism toward the safety of the exposure to plasma is present. However, only little data regarding the mutagenic potential of this new treatment option is available. Accordingly, we investigated the mutagenic potential of an argon plasma jet (kinpen) using different testing systems in accordance with ISO norms and multiple cell lines: a HPRT1 mutation assay, a micronucleus formation assay, and a colony formation assay. Moderate plasma treatment up to 180 s did not increase genotoxicity in any assay or cell type investigated. We conclude that treatment with the argon plasma jet kinpen did not display a mutagenic potential under the test conditions applied and may from this perspective be regarded as safe for the use in biomedical applications.

Absolute production rate measurements of nitric oxide by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ)

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) has been applied to measure the absolute production rate of NO molecules in the gas phase of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) operating at rf (13.56 MHz) in argon with small (up to 1%) admixtures of air. The resulting NO production rates were found to be in the range (0.1–80) × 10−3 sccm or (0.05–35) × 1018 molecules s−1 depending on the experimental conditions. Maximum rates were obtained at 0.2% air. For TDLAS measurements the APPJ was arranged inside an astigmatic multi-pass cell of Herriott type with 100 m absorption length. The insertion into a closed volume differs slightly from the normal, open operation with the jet propagating freely into air. Therefore, the measuring results are compared with optical emission of the open jet to verify equivalent experimental conditions. The dependence of the optical emission of NO (237 nm) on power and gas mixture has been measured. The similar shape of the dependence of absorption and emission signals gives evidence that the comparability of experimental conditions is sufficiently satisfied. It is concluded that the NO production rate of the APPJ in ambient air can be characterized using TDLAS and provides reliable results in spite of differing experimental conditions due to the set-up.

Propagation mechanisms of guided streamers in plasma jets: the influence of electronegativity of the surrounding gas

Atmospheric pressure plasma jets for biomedical applications are often sustained in He with small amounts of, for example, O2 impurities and typically propagate into ambient air. The resulting poorly controlled generation of reactive species has motivated the use of gas shields to control the interaction of the plasma plume with the ambient gas. The use of different gases in the shield yields different behavior in the plasma plume. In this paper, we discuss results from experimental and computational investigations of He plasma jets having attaching and non-attaching gas shields. We found that negative ion formation in the He-air mixing region significantly affects the ionization wave dynamics and promotes the propagation of negative guided streamers through an electrostatic focusing mechanism. Results from standard and phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy ratios of emission from states of N2 and He imply different electric fields in the plasma plume depending on the composition of the shielding gas. These effects are attributed to the conductivity in the transition region between the plasma plume and the shield gas, and the immobile charge represented by negative ions. The lower conductivity in the attaching mixtures enables more extended penetration of the electric field whereas the negative ions aid in focusing the electrons towards the axis.

Impact of plasma jet vacuum ultraviolet radiation on reactive oxygen species generation in bio-relevant liquids

Plasma medicine utilizes the combined interaction of plasma produced reactive components. These are reactive atoms, molecules, ions, metastable species, and radiation. Here, ultraviolet (UV, 100–400 nm) and, in particular, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, 10–200 nm) radiation generated by an atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet were investigated regarding plasma emission, absorption in a humidified atmosphere and in solutions relevant for plasma medicine. The energy absorption was obtained for simple solutions like distilled water (dH2O) or ultrapure water and sodium chloride (NaCl) solution as well as for more complex ones, for example, Rosewell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI 1640) cell culture media. As moderate stable reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was studied. Highly reactive oxygen radicals, namely, superoxide anion (O2•−) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), were investigated by the use of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. All species amounts were detected for three different treatmen...

On the Use of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma for the Bio-Decontamination of Polymers and Its Impact on Their Chemical and Morphological Surface Properties

Low temperature atmospheric pressure plasma processes can be applied to inactivate micro-organisms on products and devices made from synthetic and natural polymers. This study shows that even a short-time exposure to Ar or Ar/O2 plasma of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet leads to an inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores with a maximum reduction of 4 orders of magnitude. However, changes in the surface properties of the plasma exposed material have to be considered, too. Therefore, polyethylene and polystyrene are used as exemplary substrate materials to investigate the effect of plasma treatment in more detail. The influence of process parameters, such as type of operating gas or jet-nozzle to substrate distance, is examined. The results show that short-time plasma treatment with Ar and Ar/O2 affects the surface wettability due to the introduction of polar groups as proofed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy images reveal changes in the surface topography. Thus, nanostructures of different heights are observed on the polymeric surface depending on the treatment time and type of process gas.