K. Kaygusuz

Sustainable development of hydropower and biomass energy in Turkey

This paper deals with policies to meet the increasing energy demand for electricity and domestic heating in Turkey. Air pollutant emissions due to power generation and their harmful effects on the environment are also presented. We also argue in favor of small scale dams for sustainable development. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By commissioning of new hydropower plants (HPPs), which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. On the other hand, biomass (wood and wastes) energy is the second important renewable energy source for Turkey. In 1998, the biomass share of the total energy consumption of the country was 10%. In this study, the potential of important biomass energy sources and animal solid wastes of the country were determined. The effects of hydropower and biomass usage on the environment were also discussed. Considering the total cereal products and fatty seed plants, approximately 50–60 million tons per year of biomass and 8–10 million tons of solid matter animal waste are produced, and 70% of the total biomass is seen as possible to use for energy. Some useful suggestions and recommendations are also presented. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Energy utilization, environmental pollution and renewable energy sources in Turkey.

In this study, energy utilization and its major environmental impacts are discussed from the standpoint of sustainable development, including anticipated patterns of future energy use and subsequent environmental issues in Turkey. Several aspects relating to energy utilization, renewable energy, energy efficiency, environment and sustainable development are examined from both current and future perspectives. Turkey is an energy importing country, more than half of the energy requirement has been supplied by imports. Domestic oil and lignite reserves are limited, and the lignites are characterised by high ash, sulfur and moisture content. Because of increasing energy consumption, environmental pollution is becoming a serious problem in the future for the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution prevention in Turkey. Turkeys geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. Especially hydropower, biomass, geothermal, solar and wind energy should be considered and seriously supported by governments and private sectors. � 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of combined solar heat pump system for residential heating

Abstract In order to investigate the performance of the combined solar-heat pump system with energy storage in encapsulated phase change material (PCM) packings for residential heating in Trabzon, Turkey, an experimental set-up was constructed. Also, a comparative study of the performance of this system has been undertaken theoretically. Simulations have been made with basic computer program of three basic combined configurations, as well as conventional solar and conventional heat pump systems in Trabzon by using meteorological data. The experimental results were obtained from December to May during the heating season for four heating systems. These systems are a conventional solar system, a series heat pump system, a parallel heat pump system and a dual source heat pump system. The experimentally obtained results are used to calculate the collector efficiency, heat pump coefficient of performance (COP), seasonal heating performance, the fraction of annual load met by free energy, storage and collector efficiencies and total energy consumption of the systems during the heating season.

Analysis of solar radiation data for Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract An analysis of measured solar radiation data in Trabzon (lat. 41°10′N, long. 40°20′E, placed on the Black Sea side) is presented in the form of hourly-average, monthly-average daily and percentage frequency distribution. The experimental data corresponds to the period from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 1993. Applying the measured data, correlation models for calculating the hourly and monthly diffuse radiations are derived.

Investigation of a combined solar–heat pump system for residential heating. Part 1: experimental results

In order to investigate the performance of the combined solar-heat pump system with energy storage in encapsulated phase change material (PCM) packings for residential heating in Trabzon, Turkey, an experimental set-up was constructed. The experimental results were obtained from November to May during the heating season for two heating systems. These systems are a series of heat pump system, and a parallel heat pump system. The experimentally obtained results are used to calculate the heat pump coefficient of performance (COP), seasonal heating performance, the fraction of annual load meet by free energy, storage and collector efficiencies and total energy consumption of the systems during the heating season.

Solar-assisted heat pump and energy storage for domestic heating in Turkey

Abstract In order to improve the performance of the solar-assisted heat pump system with energy storage for domestic heating in the Black Sea region of Turkey, an experimental set-up was constructed. In this study, the solar-assisted series heat pump system with storage and parallel heat pump system with storage are experimentally investigated and compared. This experimental apparatus consists of 30 m 2 of flat-plate solar collectors, a laboratory with 75 m 2 floor area for heating purposes, a latent heat thermal energy storage tank that is filled by 1500 kg of encapsulated phase-change material (PCM), a heat pump with double evaporators (air- and water-sourced) and one condenser, a water circulating pump and other measuring equipment. The experimental results are obtained in December, January, February, March, April and May in the heating season of 1991 for the two heat pump systems used. The experimentally obtained results are used to calculate the collector efficiency, heat pump coefficient of performance (COP), system COP, storage efficiency and total energy consumption of the system during the heating season. The mean values of the collector efficiency, heat pump COP, system COP and storage efficiency were around to be 70, 4.2, 4.0, and 60%, respectively.

Heat storage chemical materials which can be used for domestic heating by heat pumps

In this study, the heat storage capacities of different salt hydrates, which can be used as heat storage materials for domestic heating by heat pumps, were determined. It is expected that thermal storage media can be worked as a reversible battery, hence the availability of domestic heating was discussed. The costs per calorie of the heat storage materials under consideration were calculated. The experimental results have shown that heat can be accumulated into a store and discharged from the store by using heat pumps. Domestuc heating in this way gives an important energy saving. It was found that using CaCl2·6H2O or Na2SO4·10H2O as heat storage materials are appropriate.

Investigation of a combined solar-heat pump system for residential heating. Part 2 : Simulation results

In this study, a mathematical model of a solar-assisted heat pump system with latent heat energy storage for residential heating in Turkey was developed. The model consists of dynamic and heat transfer relations concerning the fundamental equipment in the system such as solar collector, latent thermal energy storage tank, compressor, condenser, evaporator and building heating load. Some model parameters of the system were calculated by using experimental results. It was found that the model agreed well with the experimental results. Copyright

Experimental investigation of the exergetic efficiency of solar assisted and energy storage heat pump systems

In order to investigate the effects of new developments of thermal energy storage techniques on the exergetic efficiency of a solar assisted heat pump system with a thermal storage tank, an experimental set up was constructed. This experimental apparatus consists of 18 solar collectors, a latent heat thermal energy storage tank (containing phase change storage material), a heat exchanger, a heat pump with double evaporators and a circulating pump. Experimental results are obtained for typical days during each month of June, July and August for Trabzon (41°N) in this period of the research programme. The exergetic efficiencies are calculated using the experimental data and comparisons are performed among the different systems.