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Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata | 1994

Reduction of insect pest attack on sorghum and cowpea by intercropping

Kwesi Ampong‐Nyarko; K. V. Seshu Reddy; Ruth A. Nyang'or; K. N. Saxena

Two experiments to establish the relationship between insect suppression by intercropping and grain yield in sorghum and cowpea were conducted under field conditions. Treatments consisted of monocrops and intercrops of sorghum and cowpea and an additional pair of monocultures and mixtures protected by insecticides. Intercropping reduced the numbers of stem borer, Chilo partellus in sorghum and thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti in cowpea. In the monocropped, unprotected sorghum, yield was reduced by 28% compared to the protected monocrop, while reduction in the unprotected intercropped sorghum was 15% compared to the protected intercrop. Similarly, in the unprotected cowpea, monocrop yield was reduced by 94% and intercrop yield was reduced by 51%. Thus, there are yield advantages under conditions where intercropping reduces insect pest density. Intercropping can form a component of an integrated pest management programme.


Annals of The Entomological Society of America | 2000

Stylet Penetration Activities by Aphis craccivora (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Plants and Excised Plant Parts of Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Cowpea (Leguminosae)

I. Billy Annan; Ward M. Tingey; George A. Schaefers; W. F. Tjallingii; Elaine A. Backus; K. N. Saxena

Abstract Direct current electrical penetration graphs (DC-EPGs) were used to analyze the stylet penetration activities of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, on plants of aphid-resistant (ICV-12) and aphid-susceptible (ICV-1) cultivars of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers. Aphid stylet penetration on whole plants at seedling, flowering, and podding stages were studied in one experiment, and in another experiment excised leaves from seedling plants, excised flowers, and excised pods were tested. Electrical signals depicting the aphid stylet penetration activities on their host plants were amplified, recorded onto a paper chart recorder, and scored for specific waveform patterns. Compared with similar tissues of ICV-1, intact leaves and excised seedling foliage of ICV-12 plants caused severe disruption of aphid stylet penetration activities. This was manifested in frequent penetration attempts that were abruptly terminated or unsustained, and in shorter penetration times, signifying antixenosis resistance in ICV-12. There was reduced occurrence of E waveforms, which represent stylet activity in plant vascular tissues. Also, prior exposure of test aphids to plants of one cultivar did not significantly influence the expected stylet penetration activities on plants of the other cultivar. Overall, ICV-12 exhibited high levels of resistance against A. craccivora.


International Journal of Tropical Insect Science | 1989

Insect pest management and socio-economic circumstances of small-scale farmers for food crop production in western kenya: A case study

K. N. Saxena; A. Pala Okeyo; K. V. Seshu Reddy; E. O. Omolo; L. Ngode

Sorghum, maize and cowpea serve as staple food for people in Africa and are grown mostly by small-scale farmers. A major constraint on the production of these crops is attack by insect pests among which crop borers are most important, causing 30–80% yield losses. Use of pesticides to control these pests is hazardous and not feasible for the farmers. Alternative strategies for the integrated pest management (IPM) are being developed at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) and include the following components: (1) Intercropping and other cultural practices, (2) Plant resistance to insect pests, and (3) Biological control. These IPM components have now been developed to a stage where they can be taken for on-farm trials under farmers’ management for subsequent use by them. But, adoption and diffusion of agricultural innovations requires a prior knowledge of the farming systems and the socio-economic circumstances in which the target farmers operate, and their bearing on the use of innovations. Information on these aspects has therefore been obtained through a survey of farming households in Rendu Bay and Oyugis Divisions in western Kenya during April–August 1986. The survey was conducted jointly with UNEC A and Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya, under a project funded by the Royal Government of Belgium.The survey involved interview with 150 farmers, (75 in each Division. In Kendu Bay 27 were men and 48 women whereas in Oyugis 40 were men and 35 women.) and was based on a questionnaire which comprised six sections. Five sections covered the farmers’ background, farming practices, pest problems and their control, socio-economic conditions, and accessibility/willingness of the farmers to participate in the project. The last section included field observations on the insect pests of sorghum, maize and cowpea.On the basis of the information obtained on above-mentioned aspects, criteria were defined and assigned appropriate weigh tage for selecting 25 farmers in each Division for on-farm trials. The selected farmers included 12 men and 13 women in Kendu Bay while in Oyugis 13 men and 12 women were selected.The measures that need to be taken to counter these limitations and thereby assist the farmers in increasing food production have been recommended.RésuméLe mil, le mais et les pois sont des aliments de base pour les africains et sont cultivés par des petits paysans. La majeure constrainte pour la production de ces cultures est l’attaque courante par les ravageurs, particulièrement les rongeurs qui a eux seuls causent une reduction du rendement entre 30 a 80%. L’utilisation des insecticides est un problème et presque impossible pour les paysans. Des strategies pour la gestion intégrée de la lutte contres les ravageurs (IPM) sont entrain d’être develloppées à l’ICIPE. Ces strategies comprennent: 1) la combinaison des cultures et autres pratiques culturales; 2) la résistance des plantes contre les ravageurs et 3) la lutte biologique. Ces composantes de la gestion intégrée contre les ravageurs furent devellopper jusqu’à un stage ou elles peuvent être mise en application par les paysans. Il est à noter que l’adaptation et la diffusion des découvertes dans le domaine agricole nécessitent à priori des connaissances de base sur les pratiques culturales et les conditions socio-économiques dans lesquelles opèrent les paysans. Cet aspect du problème a été évalué chez les paysans à Kendu Bay et Oyugi à l’ouest du Kenya entre Avril et Août 1986. Le projet fut conjointement conduit par la CEA et le ministère de l’agriculture du Kenya grâce à un financement du Rayaume de Belgique. 150 paysans (75 de chaque village; 27 hommes et 48 femmes de Kendu Bay ainsi que 40 hommes et 35 femmes de Oyugis) ont accepte de repondre aux questions posées pendant cette etude. L’étude comprennait un questionnaire qui avait six sections. Cinq de ces sections couvraient l’historique des paysans, leurs pratiques culturales, les problèmes de ravageurs et leur contrôle, les conditions socio-économiques et l’accord des paysans pour participer au projet La sixième section couvrait les observations faites sur lesravageurs du sorgho, maïs et du pois. Sur la base des informations obtenues grâce aux critères cités ci dessus, une selection de 25 paysans dans chaque village (12 hommes et 13 femmes de Kendu Bay ansi que 13 hommes et 12 femmes de Oyugi) a été faite pour une experimentation sur le terrain. Les mesures qui doivent être prises en consideration pour résoudre ces problèmes et assister les paysans à augmenter leur production alimentaire ont été proposé.


Journal of Chemical Ecology | 1991

Feeding responses ofChilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae to sorghum plant phenolics and their analogs.

Baldwyn Torto; Ahmed Hassanali; K. N. Saxena; S. Nokoe

Phagostimulatory responses of third-instar larvae ofChilo Partellus to phenolic components identified in an ethyl acetate extract of the leaf whorls of 3-week-old plants ofSorghum bicolor cultivar IS 18363 were studied in no-choice bioassays. The major components in the extract were identified as 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid present in minor amounts. All but 4-hydroxycinnamic acid were stimulatory at the doses tested. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was more stimulatory than other potential biogenetic analogs. Hydroxybenzoic acids generally elicited greater feeding response than cinnamic acids, and the pattern of oxygen substitution in the benzene ring was related to bioactivity.


International Journal of Tropical Insect Science | 1990

Population monitoring of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using pheromone traps.

G. C. Unnithan; K. N. Saxena

The flight phenology of the stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) at the ICIPE’s Mbita Point Field Station (MPFS) and on a nearby farmer’s field was monitored using pheromone traps. The relation between pheromone trap catches of males and sorghum plant age, infestation, larval/pupal population density and sorghum cultivars used was examined. At MPFS C. partellus males were caught throughout the year in pheromone traps. Fluctuations of trap catches indicated that the pest completes two main generations on each of the long and short rain sorghum crops. On farmers’ fields, males continued to be caught in large numbers after harvest, implying that the pest continues to breed on the sorghum stalks and tillers. Significantly lower observed catches of males occurred only on one (MB-3) of the eight different sorghum cultivars, during the period of 2–6 weeks after plant emergence. In general, positive correlations were observed between the number of males caught in pheromone traps and larval pupal population density, males and percentage plants infested, and males and plant age. However, the pheromone trap appeared to be less effective under high population density, particularly during the flight of the second generation moths, due to competition between pheromone trap and wild females. But the flight phenology as monitored by pheromone traps appeared to reflect major events in population development of C. partellus. Pheromone traps would be useful in detecting C. partellus and for monitoring its flight phenology.RésuméLa quantité saisonnière de Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), insecte dévoreur de tige, a pu être examiné au Centre Expérimental de l’ICIPE de Mbita (Mbita Point Field Station) et dans le plantations environnantes des fermiers grâce à l’usage des trappes au phéromone. D’un côte on a étudié le rapport qu’il ya a entre les insectes mâles capturés dans le trappes au phéromone et l’âge des plantes de sorgho, l’intensité de l’infestation sur les plantes, la densité des larves et des chrisalides; de l’autre côte on a examiné le rapport existant entre le volume des captures de mâles et les variété de sorgho cultivées. Au Centre Experimental de Mbita, les C. partellus mâles étaient pris dans les trappes au phéromone tout au long de l’année. Les variations dans le volume des prises ont révele que l’insecte réalise deux générations complètes durant la récolte de chaque saison plusieuse, tant longue que courte. Dans les plantations des fermiers, les mâles continuaient â se faire attraper en nombre considérablle même après la moisson, ce qui explique que l’insecte continue à se nourrir sur les tiges-même de sorgho. Les quantités des prises de mâles les plus sensiblement réduites avaient été réalisées sur une seule des 8 variétés de sorgho cultivées, le MB-3, durant la période allant de 2 à 6 semaines après la pousse des plantes. En général, on a réussi à établir d’une façon positive des conrélations entre le nombre des mâles capturés grâce au phéromone et la densité des larves et des chrisalides, d’abord, puis entre les mâles capturés et le pourcentage des plantes infestées, et enfin entre les mâles et l’âge des plantes concernées. Cependant, les trappes au phéromone s’étaient révélées moins efficaces face à une plus grande population d’insectes. Cela fut particulièrement remarqué dans le cas de papillons de la 2ème génération où le surnombre des femelles de la brousse défie la capacité de capture d’une trappe au phéromone. De toute façon, la quantité saisonnière, telle qu’elle a été étudiée au moyen des trappes au phéromone, reflète les moments importants dans l’accroissement de la population des C. partellus. En définitive les trappes au phéromone pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la détection du C. partellus d’abord, ensuite dans la détermination de la quantité saisonnière de celui-ci.


International Journal of Tropical Insect Science | 1990

Chemical aspects of Chilo partellus feeding on certain sorghum cultivars.

Baldwyn Torto; Ahmed Hassanali; K. N. Saxena

The feeding behaviour of third-instar larvae of Chilo partellus appear to be mediated by a complex profile of chemicals present in the whorls of sorghum. These chemicals were extracted sequentially into hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Methanolic extracts showed greater feeding stimulation than ethyl acetate extracts and these in turn showed greater feeding stimulation than hexane extracts. Extracts derived from a more susceptible cultivar IS 18363 showed greater feeding stimulation than extracts from a less susceptible cultivar IS 2205.Phagostimulatory compounds present in ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts include phenolics and sugars, respectively. Combinations of these sets of phagostimulants synergize to give enhanced feeding activity of third-instar larvae. Chromatographic examination of extracts of IS 18363 and IS 2205 showed quantitative rather than qualitative differences: the more susceptible cultivar IS 18363 had higher phenolic and sugar contents than the less susceptible cultivar IS 2205. These results suggest that Chromatographic quantification of the different sets of phagostimulants might constitute a basis for resistance screening of different cultivars of sorghum.RésuméLe comportement alimentaire de la troisième instar de larvae de Chilo partellus parait etre medier par un complexe profil de produits chimiques presents dans les verticilles de sorgho. Ces produits etaients extraits d’abord en hexane, puis en acetate ethylique et finalement en methanol.Les larves ont prefere les extraits methanolique a ceux des acetate ethylique et les derniers étaient preferes a ceux d’hexane. Les extraits derives d’un cultivar plus susceptible IS 18363 etaient preferes au cultivar IS 2205. Les composes phagostimulants presents en acetate ethylique contiennent des phenoliques et des sucres. Les deux combines sont les plus preferes par les larves. Une examination chromatographique des extraits IS 18363 et IS 2205 ont montre une difference quantitative plus que qualitative: le cultivar IS 18363 qui etait le plus susceptible contenait une plus grande quantite de la phenolique et du sucre que le moins susceptible cultivar IS 2205. Ces resultats montrent que la quantification chromatographique des differents groupes de phagostimulants peuvent constituer une base pour l’examen de la resistance des different cultivar de sorgho.


International Journal of Tropical Insect Science | 1985

Ovipositional responses of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) to certain susceptible and resistant maize genotypes

Harish Kumar; K. N. Saxena

The ovipositional responses of the stem-borer, Chilo partellus, to the susceptible maize genotype, inbred A, are higher than to the resistant genotype, ICZ1-CM. These responses are elicited by certain characters of the plants that are perceivable prior to the moths’ arrival on the plants (distance-perceivable) as well as those perceivable after arrival on the plant (contact-perceivable). Distance-perceivable characters were not found to be responsible for the differences in the oviposition on the two genotypes tested.The contact-perceivable characters of the two genotypes differ markedly in eliciting oviposition by moths. Contact with the resistant ICZ1-CM elicits much less oviposition than with the other genotype.RésuméLes réactions d’oviposition du rongeur de tige, Chilo partellus, au génotype du mais susceptible, inbred A, sont plus importantes que celles du génotype résistant, ICZ1-CM. Ces réactions sont provoquées par certaines charactéristiques des plantes qui sont perceptibles avant l’arrivée des insectes sur les plantes (perceptiblité à distance) ainsi que ceux qui sont perceptibles après l’arrivée sur la plante (perceptibilité aprés contact). Il a été observe que les charactéristiques perceptibles à distance ne sont pas responsables des differences dans l’oviposition sur les 2 génotypes testés. Les charactéristiques perceptibles après contact des deux génotypes diffèrent considérablement quant à la provocation de l’oviposition par les insectes. Le contact avec le résistant ICZ1-CM provoque beaucoup moins d’oviposition qui avec l’antre génotype.


Journal of Chemical Ecology | 1996

Reproductive performance and population dynamics of cowpea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on leaf extracts of resistant and susceptible cowpeas

I.B. Annan; Ward M. Tingey; George A. Schaefers; K. N. Saxena

Membrane feeding studies were conducted to determine the effects of raw juices and chemical extracts of leaves of aphid-resistant (ICV-12) and aphid-susceptible (ICV-1) cultivars of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)], on the survival, growth, and reproduction of cowpea aphidAphis craccivora Koch. Life table and demographic statistics of the cohort population and subsequent generations were estimated. Compared to ICV-1, the leaf juices and chemical extracts of ICV-12 exhibited significant (P<-0.05) adveres effects on aphid survival, growth, and reproduction. Raw leaf juice and ethyl acetate extract of ICV-12 in both water and sucrose significantly (P<-0.05) limited aphid performance. The adverse long-term effects were often more extreme than those resulting from a diet of distilled water alone. Methanol extract of ICV-12 showed an intermediate level of adverse effects on aphids, being generally less than that of ethyl acetate but greater than that of hexane. Compared to the other ICV-12 extracts, the hexane extracts in water or sucrose media did not significantly affect the aphid performance. Overall, it was determined that antibiosis was a governing modality of aphid-resistance in ICV-12. Postingestive intoxication was caused by foliage components of seedling plants of that cultivar.


International Journal of Tropical Insect Science | 1994

Infestation and damage on three maize cultivars by the stalk-borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in relation to their yield in western Kenya

Harish Kumar; K. N. Saxena

The effects of infestation and damage by the stalk-borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were studied in the field on the grain yield of the following maize cultivars: Inbred A (susceptible), ICZ2-CM (resistant) and Katumani Composite B (a commercial early maturing cultivar). Borer infestation levels (egg-population density and larval-pupal population density) and damage levels (foliar damage and stalk damage) were significantly lower during the long rainy season of 1984 than 1985, On Inbred A, oviposition by the moths during the pre-flowering and flowering stages was much more important in causing a reduction in the grain yield than that during the post-flowering stage of the crop. There was no correlation with grain yield on ICZ2-CM and Katumani. The larval-pupal population density on Inbred A (but not on ICZ2-CM or Katumani), had a significant negative correlation with grain yield. Foliar damage and stalk-tunnelling by the borer only affected the grain yield of Inbred A. Under artificial infestation, the grain yield of Katumani is reduced significantly by the borer attack, but under natural infestation it escapes due to its early maturity. By comparison, ICZ2-CM has inherent resistance to C. partellus and Infestation and damage by the borer have no effect on grain yield.RésuméLes effets de l’infestation et les dégâts causés par le foreur de tige, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), ont été étudiés en champs, pour le rendement en grain de différents cultivars: Inbred A (sensible), ICZ2-CM (résistant), et Katumani Composite B (variété commerciale précoce). Les niveaux d’infestation (densité des populations d’oeufs et de larves) et de degâts (feuilles et tiges) ont été sensiblement plus faibles durant la longue saison des pluies de 1984 qu’en 1985. Les ovipositions durant les phases de pré-floraison et de floraison ont eu un effet nettement plus important sur la reduction du rendement en grain que celles ayant eu lieu après la floraison. Pour ICZ2-CM et Katumani, on a observé aucune corrélation avec le rendement en grain. La densité des populations de larves et pulpes sur Inbred A (et uniquement celui-la) est significativement et négativement correlée avec le rendement en grain. Les degâts foliaires et le niveau d’attaque des tiges n’ont eu d’effets sur le rendement en grain que pour Inbred A. Alors que son rendement est sensiblement diminué par les attaques du foreur en condition d’infestation artificielle, le cultivar Katumani échappe aux attaques en conditions naturelles, du fait de sa précocité. En ce qui concerne ICZ2-CM, l’absence d’incidence du foreur sur le rendement en grain est a attribuer a une resistance propre au cultivar.


International Journal of Tropical Insect Science | 1994

Effects of infestation by cowpea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on different growth stages of resistant and susceptible cowpea cultivars

I. Billy Annan; K. N. Saxena; George A. Schaefers; Ward M. Tingey

Field studies were conducted to characterise the effects of infestations by adult and nymphal stages of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, on the growth and yield of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Seedling, flowering, and podding stage plants of aphid-resistant (cv. ICV-12) and aphid-susceptible (cv. ICV-1) cowpea cultivars were used in the studies. Four treatments (consisting of infestations with adult and nymphal aphids, caged controls and uncaged controls) were administered on plants for 22 days post-treatment. Eight parameters of crop success were measured: extended leaf heights (ELH); plant mortality; incidence of sooty mould; incidence and abundance of natural enemy species; crop growth parameters (net assimilation rate, [NAR] in g/dm2/day, and crop growth rate [CGR] in g/dm2 land surface/day); and plant yields (seeds per pod, weight per seed). Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), orthogonal contrasts and 95% confidence intervals (C.I.). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between adult and nymphal infestations or between caged and uncaged controls, so the respective sets of data were combined for comparisons of aphid infestations with control treatments. Infestations caused severe plant stunting and other growth deformities, drastic yield reductions, higher plant mortality, greater incidence of natural enemies and abundance of Cheilomenes spp. on cv. ICV-1 than on cv. ICV-12, and on infested and uninfested plants. Aphid infestations did not significantly affect the incidence of sooty mould on plants of cv. ICV-12 or cv. ICV-1.RésuméDes études furent menées sur terrain pour caractériser les effets des infestations des stades adults et nymphal de l’aphide du niébé, Aphis craccivora Koch, sur la croissance et le rendement du niébé, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Les plantes aux stades de plantule, de floraison et de gousse d’une variété résistante de niébé (cv. IC V-12) et une autre susceptible (cv. ICV-1) ont été utilisées dans cette étude. Quatre traitements (consistant à infester les aphides adultes, les nymphes, les témoins configés en cage et les témoins non encagés) ont été administrés sur des plantes 22 jours aprés traitement. Huit paramétres pour caractériser le développement réussi de la plante ont été mesurés: accroissement de la hauteur des feuilles; mortalité de plantes; incidence du dépôt de suie; incidence et abondance d’ennemis naturels; paramétres de croissance de la plante (taux net d’assimilation [TNA] en g/dm2/jr et taux de croissance de la plante [TCP] en g/ dm2/surface de terre/jr); et rendements de la plante (nombre de graines par gousse, poids par graine). Les données ont été analysées à l’aide de l’analyse de variance (ANOVA), suivie de contrastes orthogonaux pour 95% d’intervalle de confiance. Il n’y a pas eu de difference significative (P > 0.05) entre témoins en cage et ceux libres; par conséquent, les données ont été groupées ensemble pour comparer les infestations d ‘aphides avec les témoins. Les infestations ont causé un sévére rabougrissement de la plante et d’autres malformations de croissance, des réductions drastiques de rendement, une mortalité, une incidence d’ennemis naturels et une abondance de Cheilomenes spp. sur cv. ICV-1 plus éléves que sur cv. ICV-12 ainsi que sur des plantes infestées et non infestées. On en a conclu que les infestations des nymphes et adultes de l’aphide du niébé ont causé des effets adverses significatifs sur la performance du niébé et que les réactions de la plante ont varié en fonction des variétés et de différents stages de croissance au sein d’une même variété.

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Baldwyn Torto

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology

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Harish Kumar

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology

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K. V. Seshu Reddy

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology

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A. Pala Okeyo

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology

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