K. Ohmi

Crab Waist Collision Studies for e+ e- Factories

Numerical simulations have shown that the recently proposed crab waist scheme of beam-beam collisions can substantially boost the luminosity of existing and future electron-positron colliders. In this paper we describe the crab waist concept and discuss potential advantages that such a scheme can provide. We also present the results of beam-beam simulations for the two currently proposed projects based on the crab waist scheme: the DAFNE upgrade and the Super B-factory project.

Beam-beam effects under the influence of external noise

Fast external noise, which gives fluctuation into the beam orbit, is discussed in connection with beam-beam effects. Phase noise from crab cavities and detection devices (position monitor) and kicker noise from the bunch by bunch feedback system are the sources. Beam-beam collisions with fast orbit fluctuations with turn by turn or multi-turn correlations, cause emittance growth and luminosity degradation. We discuss the tolerance of the noise amplitude for LHC and HL-LHC.

Observations and predictions at CesrTA, and outlook for ILC

In this paper, we will describe some of the recent experimental measurements [1, 2, 3] performed at CESRTA [4], and the supporting simulations, which probe the interaction of the electron cloud with the stored beam. These experiments have been done over a wide range of beam energies, emittances, bunch currents, and fill patterns, to gather sufficient information to be able to fully characterize the beam-electron-cloud interaction and validate the simulation programs. The range of beam conditions is chosen to be as close as possible to those of the ILC damping ring, so that the validated simulation programs can be used to predict the performance of these rings with regard to electroncloud- related phenomena. Using the new simulation code Synrad3D to simulate the synchrotron radiation environment, a vacuum chamber design has been developed for the ILC damping ring which achieves the required level of photoelectron suppression. To determine the expected electron cloud density in the ring, EC buildup simulations have been done based on the simulated radiation environment and on the expected performance of the ILC damping ring chamber mitigation prescriptions. The expected density has been compared with analytical estimates of the instability threshold, to verify that the ILC damping ring vacuum chamber design is adequate to suppress the electron cloud single-bunch head-tail instability.

Beam-beam studies for the High-Energy LHC

LHC upgrades are being considered both towards higher luminosity (HL-LHC) and towards higher energy (HE-LHC). In this paper we report initial studies of the beam-beam effects in the HE-LHC [1]. The HE-LHC aims at beam energies of 16.5 TeV, where the transverse emittance decreases due to synchrotron radiation with a 2-hour damping time. As a result of this emittance, shrinkage the beam-beam parameter increases with time, during a physics store. The beam-beam limit in the HE-LHC is explored using computer simulations.

Beam-beam effects in crab crossing and crab waist schemes

To boost up the luminosity performance in B factories, crab crossing and crab waist schemes are proposed. The crab crossing scheme compensates crossing angle, while the crab waist scheme compensates nonlinear terms induced by crossing angle with sextupole magnets. We discuss which nonlinear terms in the beam-beam map are enhanced by the crossing angle and which terms are compensated by the crab waist sextupole.

Optimization of dynamic aperture for the KEKB B-factory

A few methods are introduced to optimize the dynamic aperture of the KEKB B-Factory. The basic idea is to fit the linear optics around orbits with finite amplitudes in the desired acceptance. Chromaticity correction was done by this method for orbits with finite momentum offsets, and sufficient momentum acceptance, ±2.5%, was achieved. This method was extended to the transverse direction, then resulted in significant increase of the dynamic aperture. A survey on the relationship between a Taylor map and the dynamic aperture was also done.

Electron cloud effects: codes and simulations at KEK

Electron cloud effects had been studied at KEK-Photon Factory since 1995. e-p instability had been studied in proton rings since 1965 in BINP, ISR and PSR. Study of electron cloud effects with the present style, which was based on numerical simulations, started at 1995 in positron storage rings. The instability observed in KEKPF gave a strong impact to B factories, KEKB and PEPII, which were final stage of their design in those days. History of cure for electron cloud instability overlapped the progress of luminosity performance in KEKB. The studies on electron cloud codes and simulations in KEK are presented.

Study of halo formation in J-PARC-MR

J-PARC is a high intensity proton facility which is constructing as a joint project JAEA-KEK in Japan. J-PARC equips two proton ring accelerators, rapid cycle synchrotron (RCS) and Main Ring (MR). We discuss the space charge effect of MR in this paper. The proton beam with the population of 4.15 times 1013 times 8 bunches is accelerated from 3 GeV to 50 GeV and extracted with 0.3 Hz in MR. Beam loss during the acceleration is caused by an incoherent emittance growth due to the space charge force. We discuss the emittance growth and halo formation using a computer simulation based on the particle in cell method.