Kadir Alp

Toxicity evaluation and source apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at three stations in Istanbul, Turkey

This paper focuses on the toxicity evaluation and source apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three monitoring stations in Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 326 airborne samples were collected and analyzed for 16 PAHs and Total Suspended Particles (TSP) for the period of September 2006-December 2007. The total average PAH concentrations were 100.7±61.3, 84.6±46.7 and 25.1±13.3 ng m(-3) and the TSP concentrations were 101.2±53.2, 152.3±99.1, 49.8±18.6 μg m(-3) for URB1, URB2 and RUR stations, respectively. Benzo(a)Pyren (BaP) toxic equivalency factors to PAH concentration values were calculated indicating that the health risk of BaP and DiBenz(a,h)Anthracene (markers of traffic emissions) have the highest contribution compared to all of the other species measured at the sampling sites. In order to determine PAH sources, two different source apportionment techniques were applied to the measurements; diagnostic ratios (DR) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The results of the two applications were compatible indicating the vehicle emissions - especially diesel engines - as the major source for urban stations.

Emission inventory of primary air pollutants in 2010 from industrial processes in Turkey.

The broad objective of this study was to develop CO2, PM, SOx, CO, NOx, VOC, NH3 and N2O emission inventory of organic and inorganic chemicals, mineral products, metallurgical, petroleum refining, wood products, food industries of Turkey for 2010 for both co]ntrolled and uncontrolled conditions. In this study, industries were investigated in 7 main categories and 53 sub-sectors and a representative number of pollutants per sub-sector were considered. Each industry was evaluated in terms of emitted emissions only from industrial processes, and fuel combustion activities were excluded (except cement industry). The study employed an approach designed in four stages; identification of key categories; activity data & emission factor search; emission factor analyzing; calculation of emissions. Emission factor analyzing required aggregate and firm analysis of sectors and sub-sectors and deeper insights into underlying specific production methods used in the industry to decide on the most representative emission factor. Industry specific abatement technologies were considered by using open-source documents and industry specific reports. Regarding results of this study, mineral industry and iron & steel industry were determined as important contributors of industrial emissions in Turkey in 2010. Respectively, organic chemicals, petroleum refining, and pulp & paper industries had serious contributions to Turkeys air pollutant emission inventory from industrial processes. The results showed that calculated CO2 emissions for year 2010 was 55,124,263 t, also other emissions were 48,853 t PM, 24,533 t SOx, 79,943 t NOx, 31,908 t VOC, 454 t NH3 and 2264 t N2O under controlled conditions.

Stabilization and solidification of electric arc furnace dust originating from steel industry by using low grade MgO

Abstract In this study, solidification/stabilization (S/S) of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) which is generated during the production of steel from scrap metals and classified as hazardous waste were investigated by using different ratios of cement and low grade MgO (LG MgO) as binding agents. Type I PC 42.5 R portland cement and LG MgO which contains 70–80% MgO were used. S/S blocks that contain different ratios of binding agents which have 1/0.5 – 1/1 – 1/2 – 1/3 – 1/4 – 1/5 cement/LG MgO ratio and S/S blocks which contain only cement and no LG MgO agents were prepared. These blocks, which contain 3 different waste ratios according to weight, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively, were produced and exposed to 28-day water purification. At the end of the purification process, S/S blocks were extracted using TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) tests in order to determine the leaching behavior of Zn, Pb, and Cd in S/S blocks. By the end of this study, it was concluded that the recovery of EAFD is possible and applicable by immobilization. The findings of the study concluded that environmental performances or structural properties of blocks contain 30% waste by weight are suitable. This method is a proper one for recovering and treatment of EAFD with mixture of cement and LG MgO.

Determination of transport processes of nocturnal ozone in Istanbul atmosphere

Ozone, usually having a minimum value at night, often increase its concentration level which is known as nocturnal ozone. In this study, the magnitude, frequency and timing of nocturnal ozone maxima were determined between May and September for four years (2001-2004) for stations in the Asian and European sides of Istanbul, Turkey. The magnitude and frequency of late and early peaks for peak ozone nights were monitored. A total of 40 days, having secondary ozone maxima due to horizontal transport processes, have been selected, and HYSPLIT model with back trajectory analysis was conducted at different ground levels.

Characterisation of pollutant sources in Istanbul with PM10 and EU directives

Air pollution is globally significant because pollutants not only affect their source region, but also through transport they can affect other regions. The purpose of this study is to show the stand point of Turkey for EU directives. Sampling days that exceed PM10 limit values of EU PM10 restrictions are chosen as episode days for this research (PM10 > 150 μg/m³). Two test cases representative of summer and winter are investigated in terms of stability conditions and synoptic fields. Considering these fields, the dominant phenomenon in generating pollution is defined as either the local sources contribution or the transport processes.

KUYUM ATÖLYELERİNDE KULLANILAN ATIKGAZ YIKAMA EKİPMANLARININ VERİMLİLİKLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Kuyum atolyelerinde asit ve siyanur kullanilan islemler esnasinda, insan ve cevre sagligi ile malzeme uzerinde zararli olacak nitelikte atik gazlar ortaya cikmaktadir. Olusan bu atik gaz akimlarinin, olustugu atolye icinde uygun yontem ve ekipmanlarla kontrol edilmesi ve zararsiz hale getirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amacla cesitli ureticiler tarafindan kuyum atolyelerinde kullanilabilecek atik gaz yikama ekipmanlari uretilmektedir. Yapilan calismada bu amacla uretilmis bir sistemin atik gaz akimi icerisindeki zararli emisyonlari giderme verimi incelenmis ve verimin surekliliginin saglanmasi icin alinmasi gereken onlemler belirtilmistir. Elde edilen sonuclar incelendiginde; kullanilan atik gaz yikama sistemi sayesinde demir/bakir indirme isleminden kaynaklanan nitrik asit emisyonlarinin %94,5, sulfurik asit emisyonlarinin ise %88,3 oraninda giderildigi belirlenmistir. Patlatma isleminden kaynaklanan atik gazlarin yikama sisteminde yikanmasi ile siyanur emisyonun ise %98,7 oraninda giderildigi tespit edilmistir. Elde edilen sonuclara gore aritilmis toksik gaz emisyonlari; Sanayi Kaynakli Hava Kirliliginin Kontrolu Yonetmeligi ve Hollanda Hava Emisyon Klavuzu’nda verilen limit degerlerin altinda kalmistir.

Investigation of the Treatment Efficiency of Biofilters In Terms of Odorous Gases Originated from Animal Breeding

Calismada buyukbas ve kucukbas hayvan yetistiriciligi ve kumes hayvanciligi alanlarindaki tesislerden kaynaklanan ve amonyak iceren kokulu atik gazlarin biyofiltrelerle aritilmasi arastirilmistir. Biyofiltreler, dusuk enerji gereksinimleri ve ilk kurulum maliyetinin dusuklugu nedeniyle koku kontrolunde tercih edilmektedir. Bu amacla, hayvan barinaklarinin aralikli havalandirma uygulamasinin simule edilmesi amaciyla kesikli duzenle kurulan laboratuvar olcekli reaktorler kullanilmistir. Konsantre amonyum hidroksit cozeltileri, hava ile siyrilarak elde edilen amonyak/hava karisimlari seri bagli iki adet biyofiltre modulune beslenmistir. Filtrelerde dolgu maddesi olarak evsel kati atiktan uretilmis kompost ve odun talasi karisimi kullanilmistir. Farkli yukleme oranlarina karsilik amonyagin biyofiltrelerde aerobik-biyolojik olarak oksidasyon verimi ve bu verimi etkileyen faktorler incelenmistir. Aklimasyon donemi dahil 130 gunluk sure icinde 1,32-27 g NH 3 /m 3 .saat araliginda 8 farkli degerde yukleme yapilmis, ortalama amonyak giderim verimi % 97,2±1,8 olarak bulunmustur.

Two Neural Network Methods in Estimation of Air Pollution Time Series

The measurement of air pollution parameters is a costly process. Due to several reasons, the devices may not take measurements for certain days. In such cases robust estimation methods are quite necessary in order to fill the gaps in the time series. Artificial neural networks have been employed successfully for this purpose for hydrometeorological time series, as reported in literature. In this study, modelling of the time series of air pollution parameters was investigated using two ANN methods; a radial basis function algorithm (RBF) and feed forward back propagation method (FFBP). The ANN methods were employed to estimate the PM10 values using the NO and CO values. The data were from a measurement station in Istanbul, Turkey. The results of an initial statistical analysis were considered in the determination of the input layer node number. In the estimation study, values corresponding to other air pollution parameters were included in the input layer. The results were compared to those obtained with a conventional multi-linear regression (MLR) method.

Estimation of Air Pollution Parameters Using Artificial Neural Networks

The modeling of air pollution parameters is an issue investigated using different techniques. The pollution time series, however, are not continuous and contain gaps. Therefore, methods to infill the gaps providing satisfactory estimations are quite significant. In the presented study two ANN methods, feed forward back propagation, FFBP, and radial basis functions, RBF, were presented to estimate the SO2 values using the NO and CO values. It was seen that both ANN methods provided superior performances to conventional multi linear regression, MLR, method. The ANN performances were found satisfactory considering the selected performance criteria and the testing stage plots.