Kaizo I. Beltrao

Permanentemente temporário: dekasseguis brasileiros no Japão

This article presents the results of part of a project undertaken by the Brazilian Association of Dekasseguis (ABD) regarding this group of Brazilians of Japanese descent who have migrated to Japan. The results are based mainly on answers given to a questionnaire applied in January 2004 to such Brazilian migrants in Japan. One great barrier to the adaptation of these immigrants in Japan is related to their language and customs. Although they have the native Japanese phenotype and reasonably recent Japanese ancestors, they no longer behave like Japanese. This apparent contradiction between being and seeming causes conflicts of adaptation for the migrants and their acceptance by the natives. This conflict of identity already existed in Brazil, but the move to Japan only reinforced their feeling of not belonging to this latter country. It consequently reinforces their Brazilian identity, expressed by the great majority of the individuals who said that the problem they face in Japan is that they “miss Brazil.” The study indicated that most moved to Japan for economic reasons, a fact that explains the higher proportion of men who went alone and the repeated returns in cases of failure in Brazil, especially for those with lower educational levels. The situation of the Dekasseguis, with their constant coming and going between the two countries, frequent internal migrations, job changes and periods of unemployment in Japan (even though sometimes short) typify the Dekassegui movement.

Comparação de informações sobre saúde das populações brasileira e norte-americana baseada em dados da PNAD/98 e NHIS/96

Neste trabalho comparam-se informacoes sobre o estado de saude geral referido das populacoes brasileira e norte-americana, desagregado por grupo etario, sexo e raca/cor. Sao comparadas, tambem desagregadas da mesma forma, taxas de prevalencia de morbidades selecionadas, a saber: artrite/reumatismo, diabetes, bronquite/asma, hipertensao e doencas do coracao. Os dados concernentes a populacao brasileira sao oriundos do suplemento saude da PNAD/1998, e os relativos a norte-americana, da NHIS/1996. Em linhas gerais, com respeito ao estado de saude referido, as mulheres se declaram em pior estado em ambos os paises, e os brasileiros se declaram em pior situacao. Com respeito a morbidade, nao ha comportamento comum, e padroes de diferenca raca/cor e sexo, via de regra, nao se reproduzem igualmente para os dois paises.

The Impact of the Sense of Security from Crime on Residential Property Values in Brazilian Metropolitan Areas

Using a hedonic residential rent model for Brazils metropolitan areas calibrated with microdata from Brazils annual household survey, this study estimates that increasing the sense of security in the home by one standard deviation would increase average home values by R

Mortality Table For the Private Insurance Population

1,513 (US

Access to Education: Gender Differentials

757), or about US

Social Security and Gender: Brazilian and World Practices

13. 6 billion if applied to all 18.0 million households in the study area. The principal components analysis of sense of security and crime victimization variables indicates that higher-income households feel more secure from crime in the home, even though theft and robbery victimization rise with household income and rent level. Higher levels of home protection measures by higher-income households partially explain this result.

O SAEB – Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica: objetivos, características e contribuições na investigação da escola eficaz

The origin of modern life tables lies in studies conducted by John Graunt and described in his book (1662), although there are some evidences that in ancient Rome there were similar studies. The publication of life tables developed by Edmond Halley (1693) can be considered as the landmark of more elaborate studies on survival models, though. In fact, the first life table based on actuarial concepts was constructed by Milne in 1815. Since then, life tables became a necessary staple to any calculation of insurance nature. Nowadays, the most common problem one faces when dealing with an insurance, besides the rate of return, is the adequate choice of a life table suitable to a given population. Brazil lacks specific life tables for its population and has been using foreign tables, developed for other countries with different cultures and different mortality experience. This work, based on Susep 1998 administrative data, constructs life tables for consumers of life insurance and private pension schemes. A mathematical equation is fitted to the data. This equation has three components: infant mortality, mortality by external causes and mortality by senescence. Confidence intervals are calculated for the mortality rates. Some comparisons of the table so obtained to other tables been used by the insurance market are made.

Population and Social Security in Brazil: An Analysis with Emphasis on Constitutional Changes

The gender gap measured by average number of years of schooling for the Brazilian population had favored the male population up to the 1980 Census. In 1991, though it was reversed and women averaged .26 year more of schooling than their male counterparts. These aggregated statistics fudge intra-cohort differences. This paper plans to focus on these differences and evaluates the evolution of schooling for each sex, using cohorts for the available censuses. It also analyses data on the school population from the different censuses and from Elementary and High School Evaluation System (Saeb). Saeb data concerns exclusively on elementary school 4th and 8th graders and high school 3rd graders. The main conclusion is that women have been better performers at the first school years, shorter age/grade gap, but usually left school earlier than men. Men have been more persistent and in spite of worse performance stayed longer in school and graduated at higher levels. Up to certain ages women presented more years of schooling than men. In each census this age has been getting higher. There are also differences in the proportion of individuals of each sex graduating at the several levels of formal education. The proportion of university graduates among males in older cohorts in the 1960 census is almost 20 times greater than the proportion among females. On the other hand, the proportion of university graduates among males in younger cohorts in the 1991 census is almost half the proportion among females. The same thing happens for all levels of formal schooling, in a slightly less aggravated form. The proportion of elementary school graduates among males in older cohorts in the 1960 census is 20% greater than the proportion among females and in 1991 there are 10% less males in the younger cohorts. School population in older census was predominantly male and, in average, enrolled in more advanced levels. In more recent census the situation is reversed.

O referencial teórico na construção dos questionários contextuais do Saeb 2001

Social security is concerned on easing the impact of contingencies that lead to capacity loss for generating income. There are, however, conceptual differences between genders with respect to social security contributions and benefits. This text is concerned with equality and specificity in the treatment given to the different genders. Equality and specificity between sexes can be attributed to, basically, two different reasons: Biological and socio-cultural factors. Biological differences lead to issues around reproductive functions (birth and nursing). Socio-cultural differences lead to constructs defined in the specific society (cultural and religious values, family ties and hierarchy, labor market sexual bias, patterns of schooling, etc.). They show up in the labor market, in family structure and in levels of schooling. This text places social security in a historical perspective of the in[equality] between genders at a international as well as a national level. International unified concerns with equality and specificity between genders in the realm of social security are relatively recent. Only in 1919 the ILO - International Labour Organization formulated its first convention dealing with issues related to maternity protection. ILO conventions dealing with women protection with respect to social security benefits as well as the main issues defended by women organizations in world conferences sponsored by United Nations are presented and analyzed in this paper. For the Brazilian context, it is presented a list of the main differences between men and women with respect to social security benefits. Brazilian social security benefits are characterized by a major male profile. That is seen as a consequence of their predominance in the formal labor market in terms of quantity and of quality of position and relative earnings. Consequently, women benefit values are lower than mens. This situation is not due to social security rules and regulations unfairness of treatment but only reflects the actual situation in the labor market. In order to best understand the Brazilian situation and to place in the international context, legislation in 60 countries are compared. The comparison includes information disaggregated by gender on: minimum age for retirement, eligibility conditions for survivors pension, maternity benefits and family responsibilities.