Kaled Dechoum

Entanglement in the above-threshold optical parametric oscillator

We investigate entanglement in the above-threshold optical parametric oscillator, both theoretically and experimentally, and discuss its potential applications to quantum information. The fluctuations measured in the subtraction of signal and idler amplitude quadratures are Δ2p−=0.50(1), or −3.01(9) dB, and in the sum of phase quadratures they are Δ2q+=0.73(1), or −1.37(6) dB. A detailed experimental study of the noise behavior as a function of pump power is presented, and the discrepancies with theory are discussed.

Quantum and classical separability of spin-orbit laser modes

In this work we investigate the quantum noise properties of polarization vortices in connection with an intensity based Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality for their spin-orbit separability. We evaluate the inequality for different input quantum states and the corresponding intensity fluctuations. The roles played by coherence and photon number squeezing provide a suitable framework for characterizing pure state spin-orbit entanglement. Structural inseparability of the spin-orbit mode requires coherence, an issue concerning either classical or quantum descriptions. In both cases, it can be witnessed by violation of this intensity based CHSH inequality. However, in the quantum domain, entanglement requires both coherence and reduced photon number fluctuations.

Quantum analysis of the nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator with injected signal

In this paper we study the nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator with injected signal, both analytically and numerically. We develop a perturbation approach which allows us to find approximate analytical solutions, starting from the full equations of motion in the positive-P representation. We demonstrate the regimes of validity of our approximations via comparison with the full stochastic results. We find that, with reasonably low levels of injected signal, the system allows for demonstrations of quantum entanglement and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. In contrast to the normal optical parametric oscillator operating below threshold, these features are demonstrated with relatively intense fields.

Facilitando a compreensão da segunda lei da termodinâmica

The central idea of this article is to call attention for the use of the T x S diagram in the description of reversible heat engines. This diagram is an extremely suitable and efficient way for teaching the second law of thermodynamics, following the Kelvin formulation. The conjugated pairs (PV) or (TS) are equivalent in the description of the reversible thermodynamic processes, however one choice is more appropriate than the other when one intends to point out the universality of this law and not to restrict the analysis to a specific operating substance like the ideal gas.

Quantum phase-space analysis of the pendular cavity

We perform a quantum-mechanical analysis of the pendular cavity, using the positive-P representation, showing that the quantum state of the moving mirror, a macroscopic object, has noticeable effects on the dynamics. This system has previously been proposed as a candidate for the quantum-limited measurement of small displacements of the mirror due to radiation pressure, for the production of states with entanglement between the mirror and the field, and even for superposition states of the mirror. However, when we treat the oscillating mirror quantum mechanically, we find that it always oscillates, has no stationary steady state, and exhibits uncertainties in position and momentum which are typically larger than the mean values. This means that previous linearized fluctuation analyses which have been used to predict these highly quantum states are of limited use. We find that the achievable accuracy in measurement is fat, worse than the standard quantum limit due to thermal noise, which, for typical experimental parameters, is overwhelming even at 2 mK

Orbital-angular-momentum mixing in type-II second-harmonic generation

We investigate the non linear mixing of orbital angular momentum in type II second harmonic generation with arbitrary topological charges imprinted on two orthogonally polarized beams. Starting from the basic nonlinear equations for the interacting fields, we derive the selection rules determining the set of paraxial modes taking part in the interaction. Conservation of orbital angular momentum naturally appears as the topological charge selection rule. However, a less intuitive rule applies to the radial orders when modes carrying opposite helicities are combined in the nonlinear crystal, an intriguing feature confirmed by experimental measurements.

Critical fluctuations in an optical parametric oscillator: when light behaves like magnetism

We study the nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator in a planar interferometer near threshold, where critical phenomena are expected. These phenomena are associated with nonequilibrium quantum dynamics that are known to lead to quadrature entanglement and squeezing in the oscillator field modes. We obtain a universal form for the equation describing this system, which allows a comparison with other phase transitions. We find that the unsqueezed quadratures of this system correspond to a two-dimensional XY-type model with a tricritical Lifshitz point. This leaves open the possibility of a controlled experimental investigation into this unusual class of statistical models. We evaluate the correlations of the unsqueezed quadrature using both an exact numerical simulation and a Gaussian approximation, and obtain an accurate numerical calculation of the non-Gaussian correlations.

Kirchhoff’s voltage law corrected for radiating circuits

When a circular loop composed by a RLC circuit begins to oscillate, the oscillation will eventually vanish as an exponentially decaying current, even considering superconducting wires, due to the emission of electric and magnetic dipole radiations. In this work we propose a modification of the Kirchhoff’s voltage law by adding the radiative contributions to the energy loss as effective resistances, whose values are relatively small when compared to typical resistance values, but are fundamental to describe real circuits correctly. We also analyse the change in the pattern of the radiation spectra emitted by the circuit as we vary the effective and electric resistances.

Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen quantum simulations in nonclassical phase-space

We give a brief history of probabilistic quantum simulations of Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradoxes. This treats the early origins of the modern proposals using continuous variables, simulation methods using the positive-P representation, and current developments. Recent simulations treated include the behavior of parametric downconversion near the critical point, the simulation of parametric Bell violations, quantum entanglement, and correlations in optomechanics, as well as extensions to quantum field systems with planar interferometers.

O problema dos dois capacitores revisitado

We discuss the problem of the discharge of a capacitor associated with another identical and initially discharged capacitor. It is known that with or without the presence of an electrical resistance in the circuit, the final state of equilibrium, as well as the energy dissipated in the process, are always the same. The dissipation mechanism if there is no electric resistance is the irradiation of the system, and in the presence of electric resistance there are both irradiation and Joule dissipation, due to the interactions of the conduction electrons with the crystal lattice in order to always satisfy Poyntings theorem. The difference between both processes is the time interval in which the system reaches equilibrium and therefore the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted by this system.