Kalliopi Kakderi

Application to the City of Thessaloniki

This chapter presents the application of the SYNER-G general methodology and tools to the case study of Thessaloniki. The application includes the building stock (BDG), the electric power network (EPN), the water supply system (WSS) and the road network (RDN) with specific interdependencies between systems. The seismic hazard model is based on the seismic zones proposed in the SHARE project (Giardini et al., Seismic hazard harmonization in Europe (SHARE). Online data resource, http://portal.share-eu.org:8080/jetspeed/portal/. doi: 10.12686/SED-00000001-SHARE, 2013). For each system, the main features for the systemic analysis and the system topology and characteristics are described. Then the analysis results are presented. They include damages, casualties (deaths, injuries) and displaced people for BDG and connectivity-based Performance Indicators (PIs) for EPN, WSS and RDN systems. Apart from the average performance and the Mean Annual Frequency (MAF) of exceedance of the PIs, the distribution of estimated damages and losses for specific events is also given through thematic maps. The significant elements for the functionality of each system are defined through correlation factors to the system PIs. Finally, representative results of the shelter demand analysis are given. They are based on a multi-criteria approach that takes into account the outcomes of the systemic risk analysis for buildings and utility systems as well as other indicators.

Fragility Functions of Water and Waste-Water Systems

This chapter presents the state-of-the-art on the fragility models for the vulnerability assessment of the water and waste-water networks’ components. First, the main characteristics and typologies of the two networks’ components such as water sources, treatment plants, pumping and lift stations, tanks and conduits are introduced. Then, the main damage mechanisms and failure modes are summarized for each component based on the experiences from past earthquakes. A literature review of existing fragility models is performed including damage scales, seismic intensity measures and fragility functions. Finally, the fragility functions which are most suited for use in the European context are proposed, together with their parameters and relevant information.

Fragility Functions of Harbor Elements

Experience gained from recent strong seismic events has demonstrated the high vulnerability of waterfront structures and port facilities to strong ground shaking and associated phenomena resulting to severe physical damages and important economic losses. The objective of this Chapter is to review and propose fragility curves and methods to assess the seismic vulnerability for the most important components of a harbor system, namely waterfront structures, cargo handling and storage components and infrastructures within the European context in terms of construction practice and seismicity. After a short review, the observed during past earthquakes different failure modes are identified and classified and a detailed taxonomy is proposed with special emphasis to European specific features. Based on the taxonomy and the proposed classification of the different elements at risk, adequate fragility curves are provided.

Application in the Harbor of Thessaloniki

The SYNER-G methodology and tools for the assessment of the systemic vulnerability and performance of harbors are applied in the case of Thessaloniki’s port, a major export and transport harbor of Greece and the European Union’s closest port to the countries of Southeast Europe. Following the methodological framework for the systemic analysis developed in SYNER-G, waterfront structures, cargo handling equipment, power supply system, roadway system and buildings are examined. The systemic vulnerability methodology and software implementation are first described, followed by the description of the system topology and characteristics and the input for the analysis. Characteristic results of the application are provided and commented. Performance Indicators (PIs) are calculated based on the estimated damages and functionality losses of the different components. Apart of the average performance and the Mean Annual Frequency (MAF) of exceedance of the PIs, the distribution of estimated damages and losses for a specific event is also given through thematic maps. The most critical elements for the functionality of the port system are defined through correlation factors to the system PIs. Finally, the epistemic uncertainty related to the use of different fragility functions and functionality definitions is investigated by performing selected sensitivity analyses.