Kamil Nelke

Photodynamic therapy in head and neck cancer.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a special type of treatment involving the use of a photosensitizer or a photosensitizing agent along with a special type of light, which, combined together, induces production of a form of oxygen that is used to kill surrounding cells in different areas of the human body. Specification of the head and neck region requires different approaches due to the surrounding of vital structures. PDT can also be used to treat cells invaded with infections such as fungi, bacteria and viruses. The light beam placed in tumor sites activates locally applied drugs and kills the cancer cells. Many studies are taking place in order to invent better photosensitizers, working on a larger scale and to treat deeply placed and larger tumors. It seems that PDT could be used as an alternative surgical treatment in some tumor types; however, all clinicians should be aware that the surgical approach is still the treatment of choice. PDT is a very accurate and effective therapy, especially in early stages of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), and can greatly affect surgical outcomes in cancerous patients. We present a detailed review about photosensitizers, their use, and therapeutic advantages and disadvantages.

Human papillomavirus and its influence on head and neck cancer predisposition.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus often infecting humans. It is often present on skin or mucous membranes. These diverse DNA viruses are often linked to many various benign and malignant neoplastic lesions. Over 40 types of HPV are transmitted through sexual contact and infect the anogenital region which might be secondly transmitted to the oral mucous. Over 150 HPV viruses are defined according to the invaded site. Oral papillomas are marked with numbers 6, 7, 11, 16 and 32. Squamous cell papilloma is often found in laryngeal epithelial tumor associated with HPV-6 and HPV-11 and also HPV-16 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In the last 15 years OSCC has become more common in children and young adults. The role of HPV virus causing oral squamous cell carcinomas is more often realized, but peoples lack of knowledge and risky sexual behavior is still the main factor in growing HPV infections.

The presence of bacterial microcolonies on the maxillary sinus ciliary epithelium in healthy young individuals

Objective The aim of this cross-sectional in vitro study was to evaluate the mucosal surfaces of healthy maxillary sinuses, explore different forms of bacterial microorganism colonies present on the mucous membrane, and determine a mucosal surface area they occupy. Methods Samples of the maxillary sinus mucosa were collected from 30 healthy patients (M = 11; F = 19). The material was obtained during the Le Fort I osteotomy performed during corrective jaw surgery. The morphological and morphometric analysis of sinus mucosa and bacterial film that was grown on it was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as imaging software. Results Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of different bacterium and bacteria-like structures in all the analyzed samples. In most cases, the bacterial film was mostly composed of diplococci-like and streptococci-like structures on the mucosa of the paranasal sinus. In any case, the mucous layer did not cover the whole lining of the evaluated sample. Each colony consists of more than 20 single bacterial cells, which has grown in aggregates. Conclusions Under the conditions of normal homeostasis of the body, the maxillary sinuses present diverse bacterial colonization. The bacteria are dispersed or concentrated in single microcolonies of the biofilm on the border of the mucous covering the ciliary epithelium. There is no uniform layer of the biofilm covering the mucosa of the maxillary sinuses. Because the biofilm is detected on healthy individuals sinus mucosa, the clinical question if it may become pathogenic is unclear and require an explanation.

Genetic Factors Involved in Mandibular Prognathism

Mandibular prognathism is defined as an abnormal forward projection of the mandible beyond the standard relation to the cranial base and it is usually categorized as both a skeletal Class III pattern and Angle Class III malocclusion. The etiology of mandibular prognathism is still uncertain, with various genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors possibly involved. However, many reports on its coexistence in both twins and segregation in families suggest the importance of genetic influences. A multifactorial and polygenic background with a threshold for expression or an autosomal dominant mode with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity are the most probable inheritance patterns. Linkage analyses have, thus far, shown the statistical significance of such loci as 1p22.1, 1p22.3, 1p32.2, 1p36, 3q26.2, 4p16.1, 6q25, 11q22, 12pter-p12.3, 12q13.13, 12q23, 12q24.11, 14q24.3 to 31.2, and 19p13.2. The following appear among candidate genes: MATN1, EPB41, growth hormone receptor, COL2A1, COL1A1, MYO1H, DUSP6, ARHGAP21, ADAMTS1, FGF23, FGFR2, TBX5, ALPL, HSPG2, EVC, EVC2, the HoxC gene cluster, insulin-like growth factor 1, PLXNA2, SSX2IP, TGFB3, LTBP2, MMP13/CLG3, KRT7, and FBN3. On the other hand, MYH1, MYH2, MYH3, MYH7, MYH8, FOXO3, NFATC1, PTGS2, KAT6B, HDAC4, and RUNX2 expression is suspected to be involved in the epigenetic regulations behind the mandibular prognathism phenotype.

Bone markers in craniofacial bone deformations and dysplasias.

Various forms of bony deformations and dysplasias are often present in the facial skeleton. Bone defects can be either localized or general. Quite often they are not only present in the skull but also can be found in other parts of the skeleton. In many cases the presence and levels of specific bone markers should be measured in order to fully describe their activity and presence in the skeleton. Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is the most common one in the facial skeleton; however, other bone deformations regarding bone growth and activity can also be present. Every clinician should be aware of all common, rare and uncommon bony diseases and conditions such as cherubism, Pagets disease, osteogenesis imperfecta and others related to genetic conditions. We present standard (calcium, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D) and specialized bone markers (pyridinium, deoxypyridinium, hydroxyproline, RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway, growth hormone, insulin-like growth hormone-1) that can be used to evaluate, measure or describe the processes occurring in craniofacial bones.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor R and Z1 expression as independent prognostic indicators in oral squamous cell carcinoma

The actions of tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are controlled by tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. Although substantial previous data have revealed the role of several protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in various cancers, the function of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor R (PTPRR) and protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor‐type, Z polypeptide 1 (PTPRZ1) proteins in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has not been studied to date.

Technical aspects of nasal cavity surgerythrough the Le Fort I down-fracture approach:An otolaryngologist’s point of viewbased on 90 patients’ experience

BACKGROUND The downfracture access to septoand turbinoplasty during maxillary osteotomy may be recommended in many cases. One or both of these laryngological interventions may be necessary when, after the patients clinical evaluation, either an impaired function of nasal breathing or a deviated septum are present. The main postsurgical risk of the procedure is the destabilization of the cartilaginous septum position and its relation to adjacent anatomical structures, a change in the shape of the nose and the presence of a supratip break. OBJECTIVES In this paper, the authors present their own experience in intranasal procedures, the relevant surgical techniques and possible complications, based on their own clinical findings and on a literature review. MATERIAL AND METHODS The general aim of the study was to describe the key points and differences between septoand turbinoplasty performed classically and during Le Fort I osteotomy based on 90 orthognathic surgery patient cases. The procedures have been evaluated and compared regarding their advantages and disadvantages. RESULTS Intraoperative downfracture of the maxilla facilitates the performance of various subsequent procedures in the regions of the nasal cavities and sinuses. Due to a very convenient access to the nasal cavities, it is possible to perform septoor turbinoplasty in patients with nasal airway breathing problems, a deviated septum, and in others. CONCLUSIONS A combined effort of an otolaryngologist and a maxillofacial team improves the overall nasal breathing with a limited amount of complications. Endoscopy with low-dose computed tomography (CT) is a valuable diagnostic tool for measuring any breathing improvements in nasal capacity. Objective patient nasal breathing problems should be always investigated.

Abdominal Retraction Pad Used in Orthognathic Surgery: A Novel Technique for Nasotracheal Tube Stabilization During Le Fort I Osteotomy.

AbstractMany types of surgical osteotomies of the cranio-facial skeleton relay on adequate surgical field preparation. Placement and stabilization of nasotracheal tube during orthognathic surgery is very important. In most cases, long-lasting surgery includes various surgical maneuvers around patients skull, which depend on accurate nasotracheal tube stabilization. Usage of adhesive plasters for heavy anesthetic tube connector placement and stability might result in tube instability and local disfigurement of nasal projection and visibility in the nasal and infraorbital areas. We present a novel technique for nasotracheal tube stabilization allowing each surgeon controlling tube position, visual evaluation of nasal projection, and its tip during various surgical movements of maxillary bone, such as extrusion, intrusion, rotation or others, during Le Fort I osteotomy. Despite additional time necessary for preparation of surgical field, attachment of the tube and suturing, presented method allows achieving very satisfactory final outcomes with visible access to key nasal structures important in Le Fort I osteotomy. Presented method could be also used in any other facial surgery procedure.

Dandy-Walker syndrome with severe velopharyngeal dysfunction: a contraindication for Le Fort I surgery?

AbstractDandy-Walker syndrome is a rare congenital brain deformation. Most symptoms are related with fourth ventricle and skull base malformations. Quite often, symptoms develop from infancy or progress rapidly. Cerebellar dysfunction, lack of muscle coordination, and skull deformities involving eye movement might be present. There are several Dandy-Walker syndrome complex types. We present a 23-year-old patient who had a severe dentofacial deformity with mandibular prognathism and extremely undeveloped maxillary bone resulting in palatopharyngeal and velopharyngeal dysfunction with complete lack of soft palate function resulting in increased speech tone and volume. Performing Le Fort I osteotomy in this case is greatly controversial and might result in even greater loss of function or even its total lack. Velopharyngeal complex is very important, and every surgeon should consider its value while planning Le Fort I osteotomies.

Metopic frontal suture in a patient with severe dentofacial deformity undergoing bimaxillary surgery.

AbstractSix cranial fontanelles are present in newborns along with cranial sutures. Cranial sutures are a synarthrosis type of joints that occur in the skull after closure of fontanelles. Because of ossification up to 24 months, all fontanelles should be closed. Normal frontal bone consists of only frontonasal, frontozygomatic, frontomaxillaris, frontolacrimalis, and main coronal sutures. Metopic frontal suture occurs very rarely in adults. Some metopic frontal sutures might be related to genetic or general disorders or perhaps are related to an improper ossification. In some cases, it persists as a complete suture extending from the nasion to the anterior angle of the bregma, and this condition is called metopism, or metopic suture. In this article, we present a patient with metopic frontal suture diagnosed accidentally during preparation for bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.