Kamila Câmara Correia

Escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade da antracnose em pinha

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an important disease of custard apple (Annona squamosa) in Brazil and worldwide. Due to the inexistence of standard methods for the assessment of that disease, a diagrammatic scale was developed with 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40% of diseased leaf area. The diagrammatic scale was validated by 10 raters using 48 custard apple leaves with different levels of anthracnose severity previously measured by the software Assess®. The accuracy, precision and reproducibility estimative of each rater were determined by simple linear regression between actual and estimated severity, with and without the use of the scale. With the scale, the raters obtained better levels of accuracy and precision, with absolute errors concentrating around 10%. Raters showed high repeatability (91%) and reproducibility (³90% in 94.5% of the cases) of the estimates by using the scale. The proposed diagrammatic scale is suitable for the evaluation of anthracnose severity in custard apple.

Monosporascus eutypoides, a Cause of Root Rot and Vine Decline in Tunisia, and Evidence that M. cannonballus and M. eutypoides Are Distinct Species

Three Monosporascus eutypoides-like isolates recovered from cucurbit plants with symptoms of Monosporascus root rot and vine decline in Tunisia were compared to 28 isolates of M. cannonballus from 12 countries for phenotypic, genomic, and pathogenicity characteristics. Morphologically, M. cannonballus and M. eutypoides-like cultures were similar, each producing fertile perithecia in culture containing globose, smooth, dark brown to black ascospores. Nevertheless, all M. cannonballus isolates had one ascospore per ascus, while M. eutypoides-like isolates had mainly two to three ascospores per ascus (rarely one). The employment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, the elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α), and the β-tubulin (β-tub) gene sequence diversity analyses and the resulting phylogenies identified a level of polymorphism that enabled separation of M. cannonballus and M. eutypoides-like isolates. All isolates of M. cannonballus had identical EF-1α and β-tub sequences irrespective of very diverse geographic origins, which were different from the EF-1α and β-tub sequences of the M. eutypoides-like isolates (96 and 97% similarity, respectively). Similar results were obtained for the ITS region of rDNA. In addition, of three M. eutypoides-like isolates tested for pathogenicity, all three were pathogenic on watermelon, two were pathogenic on muskmelon, but only one was pathogenic on cucumber. The results demonstrate that the M. eutypoides-like isolates belong to the species M. eutypoides, and that M. cannonballus and M. eutypoides are distinct species.

Characterization of Phaeoacremonium isolates associated with Petri disease of table grape in Northeastern Brazil, with description of Phaeoacremonium nordesticola sp. nov.

This study aims to identify and characterize species of Phaeoacremonium associated with Petri disease of table grapes in three regions in the Northeastern Brazil, to investigate the distribution of the species in these regions and to evaluate their pathogenicity and aggressiveness in excised green shoots of table grapes. Fungal identifications were made using a combination of morphology together with a phylogenetic analysis based on portions of the β-tubulin (TUB2) and actin (ACT) genes. Three species of Phaeoacremonium (Pm.) were identified: Pm. minimum, Pm. nordesticola sp. nov. and Pm. parasiticum. Phaeoacremonium minimum and Pm. parasiticum had previously been reported in grapevine. Phaeoacremonium minimum was the most prevalent species. All species of Phaeoacremonium were pathogenic on detached shoots of table grape, with Pm. minimum being the most aggressive.

Fitness components of Monosporascus cannonballus isolates from northeastern Brazilian melon fields

Monosporascus root rot and vine decline caused by Monosporascus cannonballus is one of the most important melon yield-limiting diseases in northeastern Brazil. This study investigated the fitness components of 57 isolates of M. cannonballus obtained from Brazilian melon fields by evaluating: i) their mycelial growth rate (MGR), and perithecia and ascospore production (PP and AP) on potato dextrose agar (PDA); ii) their sensitivity to the fungicide fluazinam; and iii) their virulence to melon seedlings. All M. cannonballus isolates showed variability in their MGR, PP and AP values. They were sensitive to the fungicide fluazinam, showing some degree of mycelial growth inhibition (MGI), and were pathogenic to melon seedlings, with a mean disease severity index (DSI) of 62.1%. By univariate analysis, the formation of groups of similarity amongst the isolates of M. cannonballus within each variable was not limited by the area of origin of each isolate, given that in most situations, different isolates of the same area were distributed into distinct groups of similarity. A multivariate cluster analysis allowed the separation of the 57 M. cannonballus isolates in 18 groups of similarity. The fitness variability among M. cannonballus isolates found in this study should be considered when possible sources of resistance are evaluated in melon breeding programs.

First Report of Stem Rot of Papaya Caused by Fusarium solani Species Complex in Brazil

In October 2010, 2-year-old papaya (cv. Hawaii) trees with high incidence of stem rot were observed during a survey conducted in Rio Grande do Norte state, northeastern Brazil. Stems showing reddish brown-to-dark brown symptoms were collected and small pieces (4 to 5 mm) of necrotic tissues were surface sterilized for 1 min in 1.5% NaOCl, washed twice with sterile distilled water, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0.5 g liter-1 streptomycin sulfate. Plates were incubated at 25°C with a 12-h photopheriod for 4 days. Pure cultures with white, fluffy aerial mycelia were obtained by subculturing hyphal tips onto PDA. Identification was made using morphological characteristics and DNA based molecular techniques. Colonies grown on PDA and Spezieller Nährstoffarmer agar (SNA) for 10 days at 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod were used for morphological identification (3). The fungus produced cream sporodochia and two types of spores: microconidia were thin-walled, hyaline, ovoid, one-celled, and 6.8 to 14.6 × 2.3 to 4.2 μm; macroconidia were thick walled, hyaline, slightly curved, 3- to 5-celled, and 25.8 to 53.1 × 3.9 to 5.7 μm. Fifty spores of each type were measured. Rounded, thick-walled chlamydospores were produced, with two to four arranged together. On the basis of morphological characteristics (1), three fungal isolates (CMM-3825, CMM-3826, and CMM-3827) were identified as Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. and were deposited in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (Recife, Brazil). Single-spore isolates were obtained and genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted and a portion of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) gene of the isolates was amplified and sequenced (2). When compared with sequences available in the GenBank and Fusarium-ID databases, DNA sequences of the three isolates shared 99 to 100% sequence identity with F. solani species complex (GenBank Accession Nos. JF740784.1, DQ247523.1, and DQ247017.1). Representative sequences of the isolates were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. JQ808499, JQ808500, and JQ808501). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with four isolates on 3-month-old papaya (cv. Hawaii) seedlings. Mycelial plugs taken from the margin of actively growing colonies (PDA) of each isolate were applied in shallow wounds (0.4 cm in diameter) on the stem (center) of each plant. Inoculation wounds were wrapped with Parafilm. Control seedlings received sterile PDA plugs. Inoculated and control seedlings (10 each) were kept in a greenhouse at 25 to 30°C. After 2 weeks, all inoculated seedlings showed reddish brown necrotic lesions in the stems. No symptoms were observed in the control plants. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from symptomatic plants to fulfill Kochs postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. solani species complex causing papaya stem rot in Brazil. Papaya is an important fruit crop in the northeastern Brazil and the occurrence of this disease needs to be taken into account in papaya production. References: (1) C. Booth. Fusarium Laboratory Guide to the Identification of the Major Species. CMI, Kew, England, 1977. (2) D. M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (3) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006.

Ervas daninhas como hospedeiras alternativas de patógenos causadores do colapso do meloeiro

The vine collapse is an important melon (Cucumis melo) disease in Brazil and worldwide. Little is known about the importance of weeds as alternative host of melon collapse pathogens. During this research, the prevalent weeds were collected in four fields of melon production in the Brazilian Northeast during the period between two consecutive growing seasons and the fungi associated with the root systems were isolated in pure culture. The weeds collected belonged to 16 species and 11 botanical families. Among the fungi causing melon vine collapse, from weed roots were isolated Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani. The first fungi was observed in all fields and isolated from 13 weed species, any previously registered as fungi host, while the second was detected only in a single botanical species and one field. Therefore, weed control in between melon growing seasons is essential for success in the management of the vine collapse of the melon when M. phaseolina predominates among the possible root pathogens.