Karen L. Benson

Socially Responsible Investment Fund Performance: The Impact of Screening Intensity

Perhaps the most common criticism of socially responsible investment funds is that imposing non-financial screens restricts investment opportunities, reduces diversification efficiencies and thereby adversely impacts performance. In this study we investigate this proposition and test whether the number of screens employed has a linear or curvilinear relation with return. Moreover, we analyse the link between screening intensity and risk. Screening intensity has no effect on unadjusted (raw) returns or idiosyncratic risk. However, we find a significant reduction in α of 70 basis points per screen using the Carhart performance model. Increased screening results in lower systematic risk – in line with managers choosing lower β stocks to minimize overall risk.

A review of accounting research in the Asia Pacific region

In this paper, we review scholarly accounting research published within the Asia Pacific Region by analysing nine of the main accounting journals within the region along five dimensions. The nine journals we focus on are: Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal; Australian Accounting Review; Abacus; Accounting and Finance; Australian Journal of Management; Accounting Research Journal; Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics; Managerial Auditing Journal; and Pacific Accounting Review. The five dimensions we consider are: the most frequently cited papers; topical coverage; impact on practice; research method; and noted authors. Our review leads us to conclude that the accounting journals published within the Asia Pacific region make a significant contribution to research and practice both within the region and internationally.

Profiling Socially Responsible Investors: Australian Evidence

With the aid of an online survey, the purpose of this study is to examine financial preferences; social, environmental and ethical concerns; and socio-demographic characteristics of Australian socially responsible (SR) investors. The study advances knowledge of SR investors’ profiles and their motivations when making investment decisions. Based on a sample of 145 investors, our findings suggest that SR investors seek financial return as well as non-financial benefits. Social conscience and social health issues, as opposed to environmental issues, are relevant to investors. Interestingly, investor risk tolerance is a relatively unimportant factor in the choice of SR investments. Finally, in terms of socio-demographics, SR investors tend to be middle-aged, be middle-income professionals and have tertiary qualifications.

Management Motivation for Using Financial Derivatives in Australia

This study takes a direct approach to determine management motivation for the use of financial derivatives. We survey a sample of Australian firms on attitudes to derivative use and financial risk management. Management views are sought on the importance of a series of theoretical reasons for using derivatives. Generally, we find that managers are focused on the broad reduction of risk and volatility of cash flows and earnings in using derivatives. Specific issues such as reducing bankruptcy costs, debt levels and taxation are not considered as important. A further interesting result from this research is that even though firms may use derivatives they may not necessarily hedge all of their annual exposures across different financial risks. This helps explain the inconsistency of results in many empirical studies on the determinants of derivative use.

The simultaneous relation between fund flows and returns

We assess the simultaneous relation between fund flows and fund returns and show that current month flows and returns play a key role in understanding the flow/performance linkage. Current returns have a positive impact on current flows, suggesting that investors react quickly to performance information. However, current flows do not universally impact current returns. Notably, the pursuit of fund flows in large funds and established funds results in negative return impacts, yet it is these returns that drive investor decisions. Investors in institutional funds are able to identify high/low return funds and react in the current period resulting in an apparent positive impact of flows on returns.

Do Derivatives Have a Role in the Risk-Shifting Behaviour of Fund Managers?

In this paper we examine the extent to which derivatives are used to affect the risk-shifting behaviour of Australian equity fund managers. We find, after periods of good and poor performance, the risk-shifting behaviour of fund managers is different between derivative users and non-users. Our results support the gaming and active competition hypotheses but there is little support for the cash flow hypothesis. The study also allows for a complex reporting environment by analysing data across three alternate time periods: the calendar year, financial year and quarterly frames. Given that our results are not consistent across time periods for users and non-users of derivatives, some caution in interpretation is required.

Momentum Investing and the Asset Allocation Decision

This study examines the active asset allocation decisions of Australian multisector fund managers to determine whether active fund managers engage in momentum strategies. We find evidence supporting the existence of momentum investing in active asset allocation strategies. This evidence exists in the Australian Equities, Australian Fixed Interest and Listed Property asset classes. Interestingly, balanced funds adopt contrarian strategies in the International Equities asset class. We also examine whether there is any association between a funds market timing skill and the execution of momentum strategies. Our results show that fund managers with no market timing skill are momentum investors.

Exchange rate sensitivity of Australian international equity funds

This paper analyses the exchange rate exposure displayed by a sample of Australian international equity trusts (IET). Exchange rate exposure is also examined in the context of differing economic climates with particular emphasis on the Asian crisis in mid-1997. It is found that there is evidence of exchange rate exposure particularly in the context of a multiple exchange rate model. Exposure varies substantially between three alternative time periods with different exposure apparent subsequent to the Asian crisis than prior to this event.

A performance analysis of Australian international equity trusts

Abstract This paper analyses the performance of a sample of Australian international equity trusts over the period 1990–1999 using monthly data. Selectivity and timing performance is examined for a surviving sample and two alternative non-surviving samples. Additionally, alternative time frames are examined, as are various subcategories of fund classifications. Overall the results are consistent with much of the literature in that funds are unable to time the market and that there is an inverse relationship between market timing and selectivity measures. Adjustment for survivorship bias has a minimal impact. Furthermore, the results are relatively consistent between differing fund classifications; however, the time frame for the study does have an impact on our findings.

A Comparative Analysis of the Investment Characteristics of Alternative Gold Assets

Employing daily data over the period 1987–2010, we examine the diversifying, hedging and safe haven properties of gold bullion, gold stocks, gold mutual funds, and gold exchange traded funds (ETFs). First, with regard to gold bullion, we document a clear and strong hedging role over a mere diversifying capability. Second, our results highlight that gold stocks, gold mutual funds, and gold ETFs tend to be diversifiers. Third, both gold bullion and gold ETFs show support for the safe haven property. However, gold stocks and gold mutual funds display very little evidence of the safe haven characteristic. Consequently, investors who are keen on securing the safe haven features of gold investment cannot generally rely on gold stocks or mutual funds. Instead, they need to take positions directly in bullion or gold ETFs.