Karen Phalet

Intergenerational Transmission of Collectivism and Achievement Values in Two Acculturation Contexts The Case of Turkish Families in Germany and Turkish and Moroccan Families in the Netherlands

This study examines the impact of parental goals and acculturation contexts on value transmission in immigrant families. Combining cross-national and cross-ethnic comparisons, 400 Turkish parent-child dyads in Germany and 190 Turkish and Moroccan dyads in the Netherlands were asked to report their commitment to family-based collectivism and individualism, their academic aspirations, as well as conformity, autonomy, and achievement goal stresses in their family. First, value transmission was selective. Across cultures, parental collectivism values were transmitted, but not individualism. Only in Germany, parental aspirations were also transmitted. Second, value transmission was mediated by parental goals. Across cultures, more collectivistic parents stressed conformity more, thereby enhancing effective transmission. Third, transmission was significant after controlling for gender and educational status of parents and youngsters. Finally, our transmission model was replicated across acculturation contexts and acculturating groups. But transmission was more intense in Germany than in the Netherlands, and in Turkish than in Moroccan families.

Competence and morality dimensions of national and ethnic stereotypes: a study in six eastern-European countries

AbstractTo investigate the role of competence and morality in stereotypes, a cross-nationalresearch was set up in six eastern-European countries. Study 1 measured theperceived desirability of stereotype attributes in ingroup versus outgroup members.Across countries, biopolar Competence and Morality components emerged. It wasfound that the perceived desirability of ingroup attributes was primarily competence-based, while desirability perceptions of outgroup attributes were mostly morality-based. In Study 2, participants in the six countries rated the occurrence ofcompetence- and morality-related stereotype attributes among 10 national and ethnictarget groups. Study 2 also assessed general evaluative attitudes and perceptions ofpower and conflict in inter-nation relations. Competence and morality dimensionsfully explained the evaluative structure of national and ethnic stereotypes, generatinga four-fold typology of sinful–loser, sinful–winner, virtuous–loser and virtuous–winnerstereotypes. This typology was strongly related to perceptions of power and conflictbetween national groups. # 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 27: 703–723 (1997)No. of Figures: 3 No. of Tables: 2 No. of References: 41CCC 0046–2772/97/060703–21

Associational membership and political involvement among ethnic minority groups in Brussels

17.50 Received 4 July 1996#1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 4 November 1996European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 27, 703–723 (1997)

Personal Adjustment to Acculturative Transitions: The Turkish Experience

In this article we look into the relationship between associational membership and political involvement in the case of the two largest groups of non‐EU citizens in Brussels, Moroccans and Turks. The aim is to evaluate the claim by Fennema and Tillie that differences in political participation between groups are to be explained by different levels of ‘ethnic civic community’, and more specifically by the differential presence of social capital (as participation in associational life). Primarily making use of data of a survey among Moroccans, Turks and lower‐educated Belgians, we conclude that the Fennema and Tillie hypothesis does not work in a straightforward way for Brussels. Although we see a high score of Turks on a number of indicators of ‘ethnic civic community’, it is the Moroccans who have a higher level of political involvement. Moreover, on the individual level, we did not find proof of a strong positive link between membership participation in ethnic associations as such and political involvement. Furthermore, links that can be found do not really help us to explain differences in political involvement of Moroccans and Turks on an aggregate level. Indeed, ethnic social capital has different effects on political involvement for Moroccans and Turks.

A Comparative Study of Turkish and Belgian Youth

This research examines personal adjustment to acculturative transitions. Internal adjustment, or wellbeing, and external adjustment, or effectiveness, are analyzed in two acculturation contexts: migration from rural to urban settings in Turkey, and international migration from Turkey to Belgium. Comparisons are made between low-SES (socioeconomic status) and high-SES youth in Istanbul, as well as between these youngsters and Turkish youth in Belgium. Adjustment is explained by collectivism and achievement values among acculturating persons, andby social inequality andcultural distance between acculturating and dominant cultural groups. Full causal models are used to test individual-level and group-level explanations of acculturative adjustment. It is found that Turkish youngsters with a collectivistic value orientation have fewer adjustment problems. Second, social inequality increases internal adjustment problems of low-SES youth in Turkey, and cultural distance adds to external adjustment problems of Tu...

Future goal setting, task motivation and learning of minority and non-minority students in Dutch schools

In a comparative study of Belgian and Turkish youth and Turkish migrant youth in Belgium, the psychological relevance of individualistic-collectivistic value orientations for personal motivation was studied. A new Motives Questionnaire with cross-culturally equivalent scales for general motivational dimensions is presented. A multiple-strategy approach is proposed to establish equivalence, combining factor analysis and individual difference scaling (INDSCAL) with a measure of external validity in each group. Our findings support partial equivalence and allow a refinement of the individualism collectivism opposition, revealing motivational conflicts of individualistic Self-Realization and Autonomy poles with respectively collectivist Social Contact and Group Loyalty poles. Effects of social and cultural change on motivation are discussed. Preference for individualistic Self-Realization together with collectivist Group Loyalty in modern Turkish youth integrates individualistic-collectivist values into a group-oriented achievement motive.

Acculturation and school success: A study among minority youth in the Netherlands

BACKGROUNDnCross-cultural research on minority school achievement yields mixed findings on the motivational impact of future goal setting for students from disadvantaged minority groups. Relevant and recent motivational research, integrating Future Time Perspective Theory with Self-Determination Theory, has not yet been validated among minority students.nnnAIMSnTo replicate across cultures the known motivational benefits of perceived instrumentality and internal regulation by distant future goals; to clarify when and how the future motivates minority students educational performance.nnnSAMPLEnParticipants in this study were 279 minority students (100 of Turkish and 179 of Moroccan origin) and 229 native Dutch students in Dutch secondary schools.nnnMETHODSnParticipants rated the importance of future goals, their perceptions of instrumentality, their task motivation and learning strategies. Dependent measures and their functional relations with future goal setting were simultaneously validated across minority and non-minority students, using structural equation modelling in multiple groups.nnnRESULTSnAs expected, Positive Perceived Instrumentality for the future increases task motivation and (indirectly) adaptive learning of both minority and non-minority students. But especially internally regulating future goals are strongly related to more task motivation and indirectly to more adaptive learning strategies.nnnCONCLUSIONnOur findings throw new light on the role of future goal setting in minority school careers: distant future goals enhance minority and non-minority students motivation and learning, if students perceive positive instrumentality and if their schoolwork is internally regulated by future goals.

Political participation and associational life of Turkish residents in the capital of Europe

In this study, we examine the school performance and school adjustment of youth from three different minority groups: Turkish and Moroccan labor migrants, and Christian-Turkish refugees. We compare these groups with their native Dutch peers in secondary school settings. The aim of the study was to test cultural explanations of ethnic differences in success and well-being in school. Acculturation attitudes were a central focus in the study and were viewed as a possible explanatory ground for ethnic diversity in educational profiles. With regard to school adjustment, our findings suggest highly selective acculturation effects for specific ethnic groups in specific contexts (home vs. school). We found that acculturation effects are highly context-dependent.

National identities and representations of citizenship A comparison of Turks, Moroccans and working-class Belgians in Brussels

Abstract This study addresses the question of the political participation of Turkish immigrants. In general an active participation in the political system of the host country through membership of political parties, through voting, through holding elected office or through civil society activism is considered as almost a sine qua non of complete integration into the host society. The Turkish experience is somewhat puzzling: Turkish immigrants in the European Union tend to have a strong associational life, dense social networks and an important sense of community, which should lead to increased political trust and political involvement. Yet this does not appear to be the case in the Belgian region of Brussels‐Capital. The study discusses (dis)similarities in this context between Turks living in major Western European cities like Amsterdam, Berlin and Brussels, and tries to shed further light on the structure of Turkish associational life in Brussels and the issue of political involvement of the Turkish community in the Belgian and European capital.

From Ethnic Boundaries to Ethnic Penalties: Urban Economies and the Turkish Second Generation

Postwar migration to European cities has led to the progressive decoupling of civil, social and political rights from national membership. With its linguistic divide and its intricate institutional architecture, the city of Brussels is a strategic research context for a critical test of the limits of prevailing national integration models and the emergence of post- or transnational forms of citizenship. The Brussels Minorities Survey was set up to compare identifications and representations of citizenship in random samples of Turkish and Moroccan minorities, and in a matched comparison sample of working-class Belgians. First, a comparison of Turkish, Moroccan and Belgian self-categorizations reveals the multiplication of ethnopolitical identities, along with the continuing importance of formal national membership for identity construction. Second, in the absence of formal political rights for non-EU citizens, Turkish and Moroccan experiences of citizenship are closely linked to their informal participation in ethnic and cross-ethnic organizations. Typically, ethnic and cross-ethnic forms of participation go hand in hand, with a common emphasis on cross-ethnic and conventional types of organization. Finally, Turkish and Moroccan representations of (dual) citizenship are multidimensional, allowing for multiple and selective combinations of participative, normative and identity dimensions across national contexts. While Turks and Moroccans share with Belgians a social contract type of citizenship in Belgium, they also adhere to a communal type of long distance citizenship in Turkey and Morocco which centres on a close linkage of national and religious attachments. We conclude that multiplicity is a key feature of minority perspectives on citizenship, so that active participation in the national context of residence is complemented by enduring ethnoreligious identification in the national context of origin.