Karina Maria Cancelliero

Novos valores de referência para pressões respiratórias máximas na população brasileira

OBJETIVO: Comparar PImax e PEmax medidas em individuos saudaveis com os valores previstos utilizando-se as equacoes propostas em outro estudo e, se necessario, sugerir novas equacoes para PImax e PEmax para a populacao brasileira. METODOS: Participaram do estudo 60 homens e 60 mulheres saudaveis com idades entre 20 e 80 anos (20 individuos por faixa etaria de 10 anos). As pressoes respiratorias maximas foram determinadas segundo um protocolo padronizado. RESULTADOS: Os valores medidos de PImax foram significativamente menores que aqueles previstos tanto para homens (31%) e mulheres (24%). Nao houve diferencas significativas entre a PEmax medida e prevista nos dois generos. A idade provou ser a variavel com melhor poder preditivo para PImax e PEmax nos dois generos. Novas equacoes foram propostas. CONCLUSOES: As equacoes propostas no estudo previo nao foram capazes de predizer PImax e PEmax de todos os individuos de nossa amostra. Portanto, os resultados deste estudo podem facilitar a predicao da forca muscular respiratoria de adultos saudaveis no Brasil. Novos estudos, com individuos de diferentes regioes do pais, poderao contribuir para o desenvolvimento de melhores tabelas ou equacoes para as pressoes respiratorias maximas na populacao brasileira.

Rat hindlimb joint immobilization with acrylic resin orthoses

The objective of the present study was to propose an orthosis of light material that would be functional for the animal and that would maintain only the ankle joint immobilized. Male Wistar rats (3 to 4 months old, 250-300 g) were divided into 2 groups (N = 6): control and immobilized for 7 days. Rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg weight) and the left hindlimb was immobilized with the orthoses composed of acrylic resin model, abdominal belt and lateral supports. The following analyses were performed: glycogen content of the soleus, extensor digitorum longus, white gastrocnemius, red gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles by the phenol sulfuric method, and the weight, fiber area and intramuscular connective tissue of the soleus by the planimetric system. Data were analyzed statistically by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student t and Wilcoxon tests. Immobilization decreased glycogen in all muscles (P < 0.05; soleus: 31.6%, white gastrocnemius: 56.6%, red gastrocnemius: 39%, extensor digitorum longus: 41.7%, tibialis anterior: 45.2%) in addition to reducing soleus weight by 34% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, immobilization promoted reduction of the fiber area (43%, P < 0.05) and increased the connective tissue (200%, P < 0.05). The orthosis model was efficient comparing with another alternative immobilization model, like plaster casts, in promoting skeletal muscle alterations, indicating that it could be used as a new model in other studies related to muscle disuse.

Estimulação diafragmática elétrica transcutânea melhora as condições metabólicas dos músculos respiratórios de ratos

Objective: To evaluate the respiratory muscle glycogen content and electrocardiogram (ECG) records of rats subjected to transcutaneous electric stimulation o...

Efeitos da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular sobre o membro posterior imobilizado de ratos durante 15 dias: análises metabólicas e morfométricas

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation on the metabolic and morphometric profile of rat hind limb muscles subjected to immobilization for 15 days. METHOD: Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=5): control; immobilized for 15 days; and immobilized for 15 days with electrical stimulation. The glycogen reserves of the soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), white gastrocnemius (WG), red gastrocnemius (RG) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were evaluated, along with the weight, fibrous area and conjunctive tissue of the soleus. The statistical analysis was performed using the Anova and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: Immobilization promoted significant alterations (p<0.05), such as: reductions in the glycogen reserves (soleus: 44.73%, WG: 47.82%, RG: 46.34%, EDL: 41.66%, TA: 48.38%) and in the weight (7.2%) and fibrous area (35%) of the soleus, and also increased connective tissue density (160%). Electrical stimulation promoted a significant increase (p<0.05) in the glycogen reserves of all the immobilized muscles: (soleus: 90.47%, WG: 62.5%, RG: 95.45%, EDL: 76.19%, TA: 56.25%) and in the weight (20.94%) and fibrous area (19.65%) of the soleus, and also promoted a significant reduction (15.38%, p<0.05) in connective tissue density. CONCLUSION: Electrical stimulation minimized the reduction in glycogen reserves and prevented the reduction in fibrous area and proliferation of connective tissue in the muscles subjected to immobilization.

Strategy for respiratory exercise pattern associated with upper limb movements in COPD patients

INTRODUCTION: Upper limb exercises are frequently used in respiratory physiotherapy, with UL elevation and controlled inspiratory timing. However, the use of expiration during upper limb elevation appears to be a strategy that could minimize the action of accessory muscles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this context, little is known about the synchrony of upper limb (UL) movements associated with breathing. The aim of this study was to investigate the respiratory pattern of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients during different UL exercises associated with respiratory exercises. METHODS: Fifteen chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients participated in this study. Respiratory pattern analysis by inductance plethysmography was performed during four types of upper limb exercises, two shoulder flexion-extension (one associated with inspiratory time during the concentric phase and the other associated with expiratory time) and two shoulder abduction-adduction (same timing as above). Statistical analysis was performed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and ANOVA with Tukey tests (p≤ 0.05). RESULTS: The thoracoabdominal coordination measurements increased in the two exercises using both inspiration during shoulder flexion (PhRIB: 172%; PhREB: 131%; PhRTB: 142% and PhAng: 238%) as well as in shoulder horizontal abduction (PhRIB: 145%; PhREB: 109%; PhRTB: 130% and PhAng: 229%), differing from the exercises with expiration at the time of shoulder flexion and horizontal abduction. CONCLUSION: The exercises performed with inverted respiratory time produced less asynchrony and can be used as important strategies during physical exercise programs in these patients.

The effect of a low dose of clenbuterol on rat soleus muscle submitted to joint immobilization

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of joint immobilization on morphometric parameters and glycogen content of soleus muscle treated with clenbuterol. Male Wistar (3-4 months old) rats were divided into 4 groups (N = 6 for each group): control, clenbuterol, immobilized, and immobilized treated with clenbuterol. Immobilization was performed with acrylic resin orthoses and 10 microg/kg body weight clenbuterol was administered subcutaneously for 7 days. The following parameters were measured the next day on soleus muscle: weight, glycogen content, cross-sectional area, and connective tissue content. The clenbuterol group showed an increase in glycogen (81.6%, 0.38 +/- 0.09 vs 0.69 +/- 0.06 mg/100 g; P < 0.05) without alteration in weight, cross-sectional area or connective tissue compared with the control group. The immobilized group showed a reduction in muscle weight (34.2%, 123.5 +/- 5.3 vs 81.3 +/- 4.6 mg; P < 0.05), glycogen content (31.6%, 0.38 +/- 0.09 vs 0.26 +/- 0.05 mg/100 mg; P < 0.05) and cross-sectional area (44.1%, 2574.9 +/- 560.2 vs 1438.1 +/- 352.2 microm(2); P < 0.05) and an increase in connective tissue (216.5%, 8.82 +/- 3.55 vs 27.92 +/- 5.36%; P < 0.05). However, the immobilized + clenbuterol group showed an increase in weight (15.9%; 81.3 +/- 4.6 vs 94.2 +/- 4.3 mg; P < 0.05), glycogen content (92.3%, 0.26 +/- 0.05 vs 0.50 +/- 0.17 mg/100 mg; P < 0.05), and cross-sectional area (19.9%, 1438.1 +/- 352.2 vs 1724.8 +/- 365.5 microm(2); P < 0.05) and a reduction in connective tissue (52.2%, 27.92 +/- 5.36 vs 13.34 +/- 6.86%; P < 0.05). Statistical analysis was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and homoscedasticity tests. For the muscle weight and muscle glycogen content, two-way ANOVA and the Tukey test were used. For the cross-sectional area and connective tissue content, Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests were used. This study emphasizes the importance of anabolic pharmacological protection during immobilization to minimize skeletal muscle alterations resulting from disuse.

Changes in types of muscle fibers induced by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the diaphragm of rats.

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of transcutaneous electrical diaphragmatic stimulation (TEDS) on different types of diaphragm muscle fibers. Male Wistar rats (8-12 weeks old) were divided into 2 experimental groups (N = 8 in each group): 1) control, 2) animals submitted to TEDS [frequency = 50 Hz; T(ON)/T(OFF) (contraction/relaxation time) = 2/2 s; pulse duration = 0.4 ms, intensity = 5 mA with a 1 mA increase every 3 min for 20 min] for 7 days. After completing this treatment period, the I, IIA, IIB, and IID diaphragm muscle fibers were identified using the mATPase technique. Statistical analysis consisted of the normality, homoscedasticity and t-tests (P < 0.05). There was a 19.6% (P < 0.05) reduction in the number of type I fibers and a 49.7% increase (P < 0.05) in type IID fibers in the TEDS group compared with the control group. An important result of the present study was that electrical stimulation with surface electrodes was efficient in altering the distribution of fibers in diaphragm muscle. This therapeutic resource could be used in the treatment of respiratory muscle alterations.

Efeitos da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular no músculo sóleo de ratos: análise morfométrica e metabólica

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da estimulacao eletrica neuromuscular (EE) fasica sobre os parâmetros morfometrico e metabolico do musculo soleo de ratos, nos periodos de 3, 7 e 15 dias. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=5): controle (C), EE por 3 dias (EE-3), 7 dias (EE-7) e 15 dias (EE-15). Foram analisado o conteudo de glicogenio, massa muscular, area das fibras e densidade de area do tecido conjuntivo intramuscular. A analise estatistica foi realizada pela ANOVA e Tukey (p<0,05). Com relacao a massa muscular, ocorreu aumento significativo no EE-15 de 11,55% comparado ao C. O conteudo de glicogenio muscular nao apresentou alteracoes significativas no EE-3 quando comparado ao C. Ja o EE-7 e EE-15 demonstraram aumento significativo de 74,19% e 80,64%, respectivamente, comparados ao C. Na analise morfometrica, ocorreu aumento significativo no EE-15 de 16,23% em relacao ao C. A densidade do tecido conjuntivo intramuscular nao apresentou alteracoes significativas em todos os grupos submetidos a EE quando comparados com o C. A EE promoveu aumento das reservas de glicogenio nos periodos de 7 e 15 dias, bem como aumento na massa muscular, area das fibras e nas reservas de glicogenio no periodo de 15 dias.

Efeitos da glutamina e da estimulação elétrica sobre o perfil metabólico de músculos desnervados

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the glycogen content of normal and denervated soleus (S) and gastrocnemius muscles, plasmatic concentration of glucose and lactic acid, besides soleus muscle weight of male rats, submitted to electrical stimulation (ES) (20 minutes/day, f= 10 Hz; i= 5mA; t= 3 ms) in alternated days, associated (ES+G) or not to glutamine during 30 days. The denervation promoted a significant reduction (p < 0,05) of 40.91% in S glycogen reserves, 38.77% in white gastrocnemius (WG) and 64.61% in red gastrocnemius (RG). The ES promoted glycogen significant increase (p < 0.05) of 111.36% in Control (C) S content and 103.84% in Denervated (D); 114.28% in C-WG and 153.33% in DWG; 41.54% in C-RG and 147.83% in D-RG. In glutamine presence there was a significant increase (p < 0,05) of 54% in S glycogen, without alterations in other muscles of the C group and of 46% in S, 27% in WG and 52% in RG in D. The glycogen also presented significant increase (p < 0,05) in ES+G group of 104.54% in C-S and 100% in D-S; 70.45% in C-WG and 110% in D-WG; 27.69% in C-RG and 100% in D-RG. In relation to the S weight, there was a decrease of 43.73% in D group (p < 0,05), however the ES treatment promoted a significant increase (p < 0,05) of 9.76% in D. The associated treatment promoted an increase of 43.11% in C and 38.11% in D (p < 0,05). The results demonstrated that ES associated or not to glutamine maintain metabolic profile of skeletal muscles ensuring adequate cellular energetic supply, besides minimize the muscular weight loss after denervation

Efeito do sulfato de vanadil sobre o comprometimento metabólico muscular induzido pela imobilização de membro posterior de ratos

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the metabolic performance of immobilized skeletal muscle in rats treated with vanadyl sulphate. Male Wistar rats were divided in groups (n = 6): control (C), immobilized (I), treated with vanadyl sulphate (VS, 0,25 mM) and immobilized treated with vanadyl sulphate (I + VS) during seven days. The concentration of vanadyl sulphate diluted in water was 0,25 mM. After experimental stage, the glycogen content (GC) was evaluated in soleus (S), white gastrocnemius (WG), red gastrocnemius (RG), tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles, besides S and EDL weight. The statistical analysis was realized by the ANOVA followed by Tukey test (p < 0,05). In VS group, the results showed a significant increase in GC (S 110%, WG 71%, RG 85%, TA 125%, EDL 108%) and in the weight (S 9%, EDL 11%). The immobilization reduced significantly the GC (S 31.6%, WG 56.6%, RG 39.1%, EDL 41.7%, TA 45.2%) and weight (S 34.2% and ELD 27%), and in I + VS group, there was a increase of the GC in all muscles (S 211%, WG 115%, RG 148%, EDL 161.9%, TA 147%), besides hindering the weight loss in S (75%) and EDL (46%). The vanadyl sulphate treatment promoted an increase in the glycogen content of control and immobilized groups, besides hindering the weight loss, showing that the insulino-mimetic effect is represented by glycogenic action associate to a possible anti-catabolic action.