Karl Hammer

Vorarbeiten zur monographischen Darstellung von Wildpflanzensortimenten:Secale L

ZusammenfassungDie Genbank in Gatersleben verfügt über eine umfangreiche Wildroggen-Kollektion, die für die Aufgaben der Züchtungsforschung und Züchtung zur Verfügung steht. Probleme der Erhaltung dieser Kollektion in der Genbank werden diskutiert. In diesem Zusammenhang wird das Reproduktionssystem besonders untersucht.Zur Dokumentation des Materials ist seine Identifikation notwendig. Daher wurde die GattungSecale revidiert. Neukombinationen werden fürS. strictum (Presl) Presl — subsp.kuprijanovii (Grossh.) Hammer, subsp.anatolicum (Boiss.) Hammer, subsp.ciliatoglume (Boiss.) Hammer, subsp.africanum (Stapf) Hammer — und fürS. cereale L. — subsp.afghanicum (Vav.) Hammer — vorgeschlagen. Zur Determination der Sippen wird ein Bestimmungsschlüssel publiziert.Entwicklungstendenzen innerhalb der Gattung werden aufgezeigt.SummaryThe Gatersleben gene bank holds a large collection of wild rye available for the tasks of breeding research and plant breeding. Problems of maintaining this collection in the gene bank are discussed. In this connection the breeding system is especially studied.A proper identification of the material is a necessary prerequisite for its documentation. Therefore, the genusSecale was revised. New combinations are proposed forS. strictum (Presl) Presl — subsp.kuprijanovii (Grossh.) Hammer, subsp.anatolicum (Boiss.) Hammer, subsp.ciliatoglume (Boiss.) Hammer, subsp.africanum (Stapf) Hammer — and forS. cereale L. — subsp.afghanicum (Vav.) Hammer. Keys for the determination of species and subspecies are given.Evolutionary trends within the genus are demonstrated.Краткое содержаниеГатерслебенский генный банк располагает обширной коллекцией дикой ржи, которая представлена в распоряжение для решения исследовательских и практическнх задач селекции. Обсуждается проблема сохранения этой коллекции в генном банке. В свяэи с этим специально изучалась репродукционная система.Для документации материала необходима его идентификация. Поэтому родSecale. подвергся ревизии. Предлагаются новые комбинации дляS. strictum (Presl) Presl — subsp.kuprijanovii (Grossh.) Hammer, subsp.anatolicum (Boiss.) Hammer, subsp.ciliatoglume (Boiss.) Hammer, subsp.africanum (Stapf) Hammer — и дляS. cereale L. — subsp.afghanicum (Vav.) Hammer.Публикуются кля определения форм.Показюваытся тенденцня развитии рода.

Microsatellite analysis of Aegilops tauschii germplasm

Abstract The highly polymorphic diploid grass Aegilops tauschii isthe D-genome donor to hexaploid wheat and represents a potential source for bread wheat improvement. In the present study microsatellite markers were used for germplasm analysis and estimation of the genetic relationship between 113 accessions of Ae. tauschii from the gene bank collection at IPK, Gatersleben. Eighteen microsatellite markers, developed from Triticum aestivum and Ae. tauschii sequences, were selected for the analysis. All microsatellite markers showed a high level of polymorphism. The number of alleles per microsatellite marker varied from 11 to 25 and a total of 338 alleles were detected. The number of alleles per locus in cultivated bread wheat germplasm had previously been found to be significantly lower. The highest levels of genetic diversity for microsatellite markers were found in accessions from the Caucasian countries (Georgia, Armenia and the Daghestan region of Russia) and the lowest in accessions from the Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan). Genetic dissimilarity values between accessions were used to produce a dendrogram of the relationships among the accessions. The result showed that all of the accessions could be distinguished and clustered into two large groups in accordance with their subspecies taxonomic classification. The pattern of clustering of the Ae. tauschii accessions is according to their geographic distribution. The data suggest that a relatively small number of microsatellites can be used to estimate genetic diversity in the germplasm of Ae. tauschii and confirm the good suitability of microsatellite markers for the analysis of germplasm collections.

Estimating genetic erosion in landraces — two case studies

SummaryThe results of collecting missions in Albania in 1941 and 1993 and in South Italy in 1950 and in the eighties allowed a comparison to be made of the material cultivated. The number of landraces still cultivated recently, as compared to their former number, was the basis for the estimation of genetic erosion. Genetic erosion (GE) was calculated as GE=100%-GI (Genetic integrity). Genetic erosion was found to be 72.4% in Albania and 72.8% in South Italy, respectively. These results prove the high degree of genetic erosion in landraces from different parts of the Mediterranean area. Apart from the economic conditions, several other factors are responsible for genetic erosion, among them breeding system, crop type (i.e., garden or field crop) and crop group (e.g., cereals, vegetables and pulses).The results show that in the areas investigated there are still landraces for in situ conservation. Ex situ conservation in genebanks proved to be a possibility. An integration process is necessary to prevent losses in crops which are difficult to propagate under ex situ conditions. The complementarity of both conservation methods is stressed.

Crop wild relatives—undervalued, underutilized and under threat?

The worlds wealth of plant genetic resources has much value for world food security, but these resources are under considerable threat. Crop improvement, particularly under climate change, depends on the genetic diversity of our plant genetic resources, which are arguably inadequately conserved and poorly used. There is wide recognition that the Convention on Biological Diversitys 2010 targets to reduce the loss of biodiversity have not been met. Biodiversity is at risk from multiple threats, including climate change, and the genetic diversity contained within plant genetic resources, particularly of species that are wild relatives of our crops, faces similar threats but is essential to our ability to respond to the new stresses in the agricultural environment resulting from climate change. It is important to consider the genetic value of these crop wild relatives, how they may be conserved, and what new technologies can be implemented to enhance their use.

The Domestication of Artichoke and Cardoon: From Roman Times to the Genomic Age

Background The history of domestication of artichoke and leafy cardoon is not yet fully understood and when and where it occurred remains unknown. Evidence supports the hypothesis that wild cardoon is the wild progenitor of both these crops. Selection for large, non-spiny heads resulted in artichoke and selection for non-spiny, large stalked tender leaves resulted in leafy cardoon. The two crops differ in their reproductive system: artichoke is mostly vegetatively propagated and perennial, while leafy cardoon is seed propagated and mostly grown as an annual plant. Here, new trends in artichoke cultivation are analysed, while the consequences of these tendencies on the conservation of artichoke genetic resources are highlighted. Scope The historical and artistic records, together with recent literature on genetics and biosystematics, are examined with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the present-day knowledge on the domestication of these two crops. Conclusions Historical, linguistic and artistic records are consistent with genetic and biosystematic data and indicate that the domestication of artichoke and cardoon diverged at different times and in different places. Apparently, artichoke was domesticated in Roman times, possibly in Sicily, and spread by the Arabs during early Middle Ages. The cardoon was probably domesticated in the western Mediterranean in a later period.

Vorarbeiten zur monographischen Darstellung von Wildpflanzensortimenten:Agrostemma L.@@@Studies towards a monographic treatment of wild plant collections:Agrostemma L.@@@Предварительные раб оты для монографичес кого описания коллекций д икорастущих сородичей культурны х растений:Agrostemma L.

2 . 4 . 2.4.1. 2.4.2. S y s t e m a t i k der G a t t u n g Aegilops ( S y s t e m a gener is Aegilops) . . . . . . . 43 A b g r e n z u n g und Def in i t ion des Genus (Del imi ta t io e t def in i t io generis) . . . 43 P r inz ip ien der Gl iederung des Genus (Pr inc ip ia s y s t e m a t i s generis) . . . . 46 K o n s p e k t der Sek t ionen n n d A r t e n de r G a t t u n g Aegilops L. (Conspectus s e c t i o n u m s p e c i e r u m q u e gener is Aegilops L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 D e t e r m i n a t i o n und Bes t immungssch l i i s se l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Schliissel der A r t e n (Clavis specierum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Schltissel flit die in f raspez i f i schen S ippen (Clavis taxorum infra-specificorum) 57

Microsatellite markers - a new tool for distinguishing diploid wheat species.

Triticum baeoticum and T. urartu are very similar morphologically. By using microsatellite markers it was possible to distinguish between these two species. Microsatellite markers are, therefore, a powerful new tool to support the determination of critical races in diploid wild wheat species. They also allow the discussion of evolutionary pathways within Triticum.

Collection of land-races of cultivated plants in South Italy 1981

SummaryIn continuation of collecting missions in the last four years a further mission has been carried out in South Italy jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, in September 1984 for studying and collecting indigenous forms of cultivated plants and their wild relatives. 185 samples, mainly of cereals, vegetables and grain legumes have been collected. The material represents highly variable old land-races; this is especially true for wheat, oats, maize,Brassica spp., french beans and faba beans. In Sicily wildBrassica spp. have been collected and in some places introgression from wild into cultivatedBrassica races could be observed. The results of this mission increase our knowledge concerning the flora of cultivated plants of South Italy considerably and stress the necessity for continuing the exploration of plant genetic resources in this region.ZusammenfassungIn Fortführung von Sammelreisen der letzten vier Jahre wurde eine weitere Reise in Süditalien gemeinsam von Mitarbeitern des Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und des Zentralinstituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, im September 1984 unternommen, die dem Studium und der Sammlung indigener Formen von Kulturpflanzen und ihrer verwandten Wildsippen diente. 185 Proben, vor allem von Getreiden, Gemüsen und Körnerleguminosen, wurden gesammelt. Das Material besteht aus hochvariablen alten Landsorten, besonders von Weizen, Hafer, Mais, Kohlsippen, Gartenbohnen und Ackerbohnen. In Sizilien wurden Wildkohle gesammelt, und an einigen Stellen konnten Introgressionen von Wildin Kultursippen beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Sammelreise, die unsere Kenntnisse der Kulturpflanzenflora Süditaliens beträchtlich erweitern, unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit zur Fortführung der Exploration pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen dieses Gebietes.Краткое содержаниеВ течение последних четырёх лет в Южной Италии велись сборы и нзучение автохтонных форм культурных растений и их дикорастущих сородичей. Эта работа была продолжена и в 1984 г. совместно сотрудниками Института зародышевой плазмы в Бари и Центрального института генетики и культурных растений в Гатерслебене. Всего было собрано 185 образцов, главным образом, хлебных злаков, овощей и зерновых; бобовых; материал в целом составили сильно изменчивые старые сорта местных культур, как пшеницы, овсы, кукуруза, различные формы капусты, фасоль и конские бобы. В Сицилии была собрана и дикорастущая капуста, причём в некоторых местах наблюдалась интрогрессия от диких к культурным формам. Результаты этой экспедиции, значительно обогатившие наши сведения о культурной флоре Южной Италии, ещё раз подтверждают необходимость продолжения сборов растительных генетических ресусов этой области.

A paradigm shift in the discipline of plant genetic resources

Since the beginning of the 90s, a paradigm shift has become evident in the case of plant genetic resources. This is the result of basic changes such asThese developments are of major and wide-reaching importance for the problem of biodiversity. In order to prepare gene banks for future responsibilities, the concept of “integrated gene banks” will be introduced here. In order to set a broader framework for securing plant genetic resources, a new discipline, agrobiodiversity, will be delineated.

Farmers’ Perception and Genetic Erosion of Tetraploid Wheats Landraces in Ethiopia

Assessing genetic erosion has been suggested as the first priority in any major effort to arrest loss of genetic diversity. In Ethiopia, although it is generally accepted that significant amount of genetic erosion has occurred and is still occurring, there is little data on its amount and extent. Thus, this study is conducted to quantify the extent of genetic erosion in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat landraces and to identify major causes of genetic erosion. To this end, a field survey of 126 farmers, randomly selected over five districts in eastern, south-eastern and central highlands of Ethiopia during 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 main cropping seasons was undertaken. Questioner was used to collect primary data from farmers who are potentially rich sources of information on genetic erosion at the variety level. Additional data were collected through key informant interviewing. Moreover, resampling was made from Tulo, Chiro and Harar Zuriya districts in eastern Ethiopia. Analysis of history profiles from primary and secondary data indicated a reduction in the use of local varieties over years. Triticum polonicum and T. turgidum are becoming very localized, and therefore, they are under greater threat of extinction. Using the calculation scheme: gene erosion=100%−gene integrity, i.e., the still extant landraces, genetic erosion was calculated for the three different areas where resamplings were made. Genetic erosion of 100% was observed both in T. durum and T. dicoccon in Tulo district. Likewise, genetic erosion of 85.7, 100 and 77.8%, respectively, was calculated for T. durum, T. turgidum and T. dicoccon in Chiro district. In Harar Zuriya, a genetic erosion of 88.9% for T. durum and 100% both in T. turgidum and T. dicoccon was detected. Number of farmers growing landraces of tetraploid wheats drastically decreased in all surveyed areas in the past decades. Displacement of landraces by other crops was the prominent factor for ending landrace cultivation. Farmers’ preference to yield potential and cash crops subsequently reduced the chance of maintaining landraces. Institutional factors like access to credit and the extension advice have influenced farmers’ decision regarding cultivar choice. In all surveyed areas, the most important initial source of seed of improved wheat varieties is the seed credit from the Ministry of Agriculture which uses a ‘plant now, pay later’ scheme to promote the distribution of improved varieties and fertilizers. The problem of genetic erosion through inappropriate maintenance of ex situ collections was also recognized and discussed.