Karl J. Springer

Fuel and Additive Effects on Diesel Particulate-Development and Demonstration of Methodology

To develop a methodology for characterizing particulate emissions from diesel engines, one 2-stroke cycle engine and one 4-stroke cycle engine were operated in both individual steady-state modes and according to a variation of the 13-mode diesel emissions measurement procedure. Both engines were operated on three fuels, each used with one of two available diesel fuel additives as well as by itself. /GMRL/

Emissions and Economy of Four Diesel Cars

Four diesel-powered passenger cars were subjected to a wide variety of emission and economy evaluations, and the results are presented in this paper. Tailpipe emissions were measured for gaseous emissions, fuel economy (carbon balance and gravimetric) and smoke. Smoke and gaseous emissions were also measured by chassis dynamometer. Odor and related instrumental-chemical measurements were made. Noise measurements were taken during SAE driveby and a variety of interior-exterior conditions. The results are compared by category to each other, Federal limits, and to test results obtained by EPA laboratories.

Removal of Exhaust Particulate from a Mercedes 300D Diesel Car

The problem with diesel exhaust particulate is that it is too-small, too-light, and there is too-much of it. A series of experiments are described that investigate the potential of using an alumina-coated steel wool media, for agglomeration, and an advanced design inertia separator, for collection of the particulate from a 1975 Mercedes 300D diesel car. The goal of 50% reduction was realized when new. The effects on other emissions, performance, and noise were evaluated and durability defined.

Diesel Car Emissions - Emphasis on Particulate and Sulfate

Five diesel-powered, light-duty vehicles, a Peugeot 204D, a Mercedes 240D, and a Perkins 6-247 powered IH pickup, were used to quantify the range of particulate, sulfate as well as other unregulated emissions of odor, visible smoke, sulfur dioxide, aldehydes, and selected non-reactive hydrocarbons. Three transient driving cycles were employed. Emission rates of particulate, sulfate, and other contaminants of a regulated and unregulated nature are presented in several ways: mass per unit of time, per unit of fuel consumed, and per unit of distance driven. Fuel consumption and economy values are also provided. /GMRL/

Public Opinion of Diesel Odor

This paper describes the results of a public opinion survey on testing of diesel exhaust odors conducted during 1969 and 1970. Major goals of the research were to relate public opinion of the odors and the objectionability associated with them to odor intensity, and to obtain a dose-response curve as the primary result. It was found that a relationship existed between perceived diesel exhaust odor intensity and the objectionability of these odors. The nature of this relationship was that increasingly intense diesel exhaust odors were considered increasingly objectionable.

Diesel Emission Control Through Retrofits

Exhaust emissions from in-use diesel trucks and buses can be reduced by application of retrofits consisting of new parts and adjustments. The results of fleet test demonstrations of two retrofit kits, one for 2-stroke diesel-powered buses and the other for 4-stroke diesel trucks, are described. Except for the catalytic muffler, the components and adjustments composing the General Motors environmental improvement proposal kit for General Motors city buses were found helpful in reducing exhaust odor, smoke, and certain gaseous emissions. The turbocharger kit and adjustments marketed by Cummins Engine for its NHC 250, an in-use naturally aspirated truck engine, was likewise found to reduce visible smoke satisfactorily. /GMRL/

Soak Time Effects on Car Emissions and Fuel Economy

Five light-duty vehicles were used to investigate HC, CO, and NOx emissions and fuel economy sensitivity to changes in the length of soak period preceding the EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS). Emission tests were conducted following soak periods 10 minutes to 36 hours in length. HC and NOx emission rates and fuel consumption during the UDDS increased almost linearly with log 10 of soak period length. CO emission rates during the UDDS are stable following soak periods of 10 minutes to 1 hour in length, but the level ranges from 10 to 70 percent of the 16-hour soak value depending on the type of exhaust after treatment. Following 2-hour and longer soak periods, CO increased approximately linearly with log 10 soak length. Soak period length does affect emission rates and fuel consumption during the stabilized portion of the UDDS, but the magnitude of the effect is small compared to that observed during the transient portion.

Effect of CNG start - gasoline run on emissions from a 3/4 ton pick-up truck

This paper describes experiments to determine the effect on exhaust emissions of starting on compressed natural gas (CNG) and then switching to gasoline once the catalyst reaches operating temperature. Carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and detailed exhaust hydrocarbon speciation data were obtained for dedicated CNG, then unleaded gasoline, and finally CNG start - gasoline run using the Federal Test Procedure at 24{degree}C and at -7{degree}C. The results was a reductiopn in emissions from the gasoline baseline, especially at -7{degree}C. It was estimated that CNG start - gasoline run resulted in a 71 percent reduction in potential ozone formation per mile. 3 refs., 6 figs., 11 tabs.

AUTOMOTIVE SULFATES--A CVS COMPATIBLE SAMPLING SYSTEM

This paper describes the development of a CVS compatible sampling system for automotive sulfate emissions. The design resulted from a consensus of ideas from EPA and industry. The system can be used with either a positive displacement pump or critical flow venturi CVS. A mist generator was developed to quantitatively inject sulfuric acid into the tunnel. While sulfate losses were acceptable using the mist generator, with actual automotive exhaust sulfate losses were much higher the reasons for these losses were investigated. Sulfate losses in the tubing between the car and sulfate tunnel were also investigated. /GMRL/

SNOWMOBILE ENGINE EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT

This paper describes a research program on exhaust emissions from snowmobile engines, including both emissions characterization and estimation of national emissions impact. Tests were conducted on three popular 2-stroke twins and on one rotary (Wankel) engine. Emissions that were measured included total hydrocarbons, (paraffinic) hydrocarbons by NDIR, CO CO2, No (by two methods), NOX, 02, aldehydes, light hydrocarbons, particulate, and smoke. Emissions of SOX were estimated on the basis of fuel consumed, and evaporative hydrocarbons were projected to be neglibible for actual snowmobile operation. Impact of snowmobile emissions on a national scale was computed to be minimal.