Karol Kotwica

Gastrophysa polygoni herbivory on Rumex confertus: single leaf VOC induction and dose dependent herbivore attraction/repellence to individual compounds.

We report large induction (>65(fold) increases) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from a single leaf of the invasive weed mossy sorrel, Rumex confertus Willd. (Polygonaceae), by herbivory of the dock leaf beetle, Gastrophysa polygoni L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The R. confertus VOC blend induced by G. polygoni herbivory included two green leaf volatiles ((Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate) and three terpenes (linalool, ß-caryophyllene, (E)-ß-farnesene). Uninjured leaves produced small constitutive amounts of the GLVs and barely detectable amounts of the terpenes. A Y-tube olfactometer bioassay revealed that both sexes of adult G. polygoni were attracted to (Z)-3-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate at a concentration of 300 ng h(-1). No significant G. polygoni attraction or repellence was detected for any VOC at other concentrations (60 and 1500 ng h(-1)). Yet, G. polygoni males and females were significantly repelled by (or avoided) at the highest test concentration (7500 ng h(-1)) of both GLVs and (E)-ß-farnesene. Mated male and female G. polygoni might be attracted to injured R. confertus leaves, but might avoid R. confertus when VOC concentrations (especially the terpene (E)-ß-farnesene) suggest high overall plant injury from conspecifics, G. viridula, or high infestations of other herbivores that release (E)-ß-farnesene (e.g., aphids). Tests in the future will need to examine G. polygoni responses to VOCs emitted directly from uninjured (constitutive) and injured (induced) R. confertus, and examine whether R. confertus VOC induction concentrations increase with greater tissue removal on a single leaf and/or the number of leaves with feeding injury.

Zawartość miedzi i cynku w glebie lekkiej nawożonej popiołem ze słomy jęczmienia, pszenicy i rzepaku

Abstract The use of cereals and rapeseed straw ash in the fertilisation of soils has been one of the alternative straw management methods. Adding high ash rates to soil decreased its acidity and increased the total content of copper and zinc as well as the forms of those metals extracted with the DTPA solution. Due to a low natural richness of those soils in bioavailable metal forms, the ash application to fertilise light soil, despite a low content of copper and zinc in the post-burning ash waste, must be still considered beneficial. The use of barley, wheat and rapeseed straw ash at the rate exceeding 2 Mg×ha.1 resulted in a significant increase in the total content of copper and zinc and their forms available to plants. Streszczenie Wykorzystanie popiołów ze spalenia słomy zbóż i rzepaku w nawożeniu gleb pozostaje jednym z alternatywnych sposobów ich zagospodarowania. Dodatek wy sokich dawek popiołu do gleby spowodował wzrost wartości pH oraz wzrost całkowi- tej zawartości miedzi i cynku, a także form tych metali ekstrahowanych roztworem DTPA. Pomimo niskiej zawartości miedzi i cynku w odpadach paleniskowych ich zastosowanie wr nawożeniu gleb lekkich należy uznać za korzystne ze względu na niską naturalną zasobność tych gleb wr formy biodostępne metali. Zastosowanie popiołu ze słomy jęczmienia, pszenicy i rzepaku wr dawce przekra- czającej 2 Mg-ha 1 spowodowało istotny wzrost całkow itej zaw artości miedzi i cynku wr glebie oraz ich fonn dostępnych dla roślin