Karsten E. Hartel

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF DEEPWATER FISHES FROM OFF THE NEW ENGLAND REGION, WITH NEW AREA RECORDS

Abstract A review of literature, museum specimens, and records from four recent National Marine Fisheries Service deepwater surveys allows us to present an annotated list of 591 species in 132 families that live below 200 meters in the area between the Scotian Shelf and the southern New England Shelf south to about 38½N. Three orders (Stomiiformes, Perciformes, and Myctophiformes) of the 24 in the area account for 41% of the species. New area records for 111 species are included; the majority (83%) represent extensions from the south, with only 17% from the north and east. Although the deep-sea ichthyofauna off eastern North America is quite well known, it is noted that 96 new species have been described since 1950 and 34 since 1975.

Additional Records of Deep-sea Fishes from off Greater New England

Abstract A recent review of deep-sea fishes captured deeper than 200 m off greater New England, from the Scotian Shelf at 44°N to the southern New England Shelf at about 38°N, documented 591 species. Subsequent trawling activity and reviews of deep-sea taxa occurring in the area have revealed that an additional 40 species inhabit the deep sea off New England. Thirty-two of these new records were captured in the course of 44 bottom trawls and 94 mid-water trawls over or in the proximity of Bear Seamount (39°55′N, 67°30′W). Five of the 40 species have been described as new to science, at least in part from material taken in the study area. In addition to describing such information as specimen size and position, depth, and date of capture, errors made in the previous study of deep-sea fishes in the area are identified and corrected.

A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species

While one or possibly two species of the genus Photostomias have been recognized, an unpublished revision of the Malacosteinae suggested that there may be as many as six species worldwide. Our review of museum material revealed three taxa in the Atlantic alone: Photostomias atrox Alcock, 1890; Photostomias guernei Collett, 1889; and a new species described herein. Because of a paucity of Indo-Pacific material and a need to better document Atlantic biodiversity, we treat only the Atlantic species at this time. A key to the identification of Atlantic Photostomias is given.

New Species of Eustomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae) from the Western North Atlantic, with a Review of the Subgenus Neostomias

Abstract A new species of the deep-sea dragonfish genus Eustomias is described from 14 specimens from the western North Atlantic. This species belongs to the subgenus Neostomias, which is defined principally by the presence of a single pectoral ray, plus one small rudimentary ray. It is unique among members of the subgenus in having a combination of characters that includes a short mental barbel, multiple proximal bulbs on the barbel main stem, and a unique terminal bulb morphology. Analysis of similar species warrants resurrection of Eustomias monodactylus, previously placed in synonymy with Eustomias filifer. A revised key to the species of the subgenus Neostomias is provided.

The First Records of Neocyema (Teleostei: Saccopharyngiformes) in the Western North Atlantic with Comments on Its Relationship to Leptocephalus holti Schmidt 1909

Abstract Two new specimens of the rare deep sea eel genus Neocyema were collected in the western North Atlantic in June 2006 and September 2008. Previously the genus was known only from the two type specimens, collected in the South Atlantic in 1971. External morphology and osteology indicate that the new specimens probably belong to the described species Neocyema erythrosoma. Their capture in the North Atlantic provides support for the hypothesis that Neocyema is the adult form of the enigmatic larva Leptocephalus holti.

James Edward Craddock (1937–2009)

O ceanographer Emeritus JAMES EDWARD CRADDOCK, JR. died of complications from pneumonia on 7 June 2009. Born 6 July 1937, in Louisville, Kentucky, Jim was one of three children of Dr. James Edward Craddock and Sina Keith Craddock. As a junior in high school, Jim was offered a full scholarship by the Ford Foundation to a college of his choice. He chose to stay in Louisville, graduating from the University of Louisville with an A.B. in Biology in 1958 and a Ph.D. in Zoology under Dr. Louis Krumholz in 1965. During his years as a graduate student, Jim was a research assistant in radio-assay for a University of Louisville project with Oranco and for the University’s Doe Run Project with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. During this period he collected in Mexico (Fig. 1) and described two new species with fellow student Wendell L. ‘‘Minck’’ Minckley (Minckley, 1962; Minckley and Craddock,1963). Jim was a life member of ASIH. After completing his Ph.D., Jim joined the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in December 1964, as a Ford Foundation Post-doctoral Fellow to work on the functional morphology of deep-sea fishes under Senior Scientist Richard H. Backus. Jim’s experience before coming to Woods Hole had been limited to inland freshwaters, but he shortly made the first of many cruises to collect the small fishes of the upper 1000 m of the open Atlantic, using midwater trawls. Within a few years he became an acknowledged expert in the ocean-wide distribution and systematics of this fauna, which comprises hundreds of species. Using the submersible DSRV Alvin, Jim discovered (with Dick Backus) that Ceratoscopelus maderensis, a very abundant myctophid fish, was the cause of an important deep scattering layer in the slope water off the northeastern United States. Jim was also one of the co-developers of the MOCNESS net system (Wiebe et al., 1985). In the course of those cruises (Fig. 2), and of necessity, Jim became proficient with knots and net-making and repairs, which later allowed him to instruct numerous shipmates in macramé. In 1966, Jim was appointed Associate in Ichthyology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) at Harvard University, and Dick Backus and Jim began to send selected specimens to Giles Mead at MCZ. In 1978, a NSF grant to Drs. Karel F. Liem and William L. Fink (then at MCZ) supported the initial transfer of the enormous WHOI fish collection to the MCZ. Additional material from WHOI was transferred from then through the late 1990s, and between 1976 and 2000, over half a million WHOI specimens were transferred to the MCZ. In spite of a spinal-cord illness that would gradually result in severe chronic pain and muchreduced mobility, Jim often went to the MCZ to work with Karsten Hartel to further identify material in the collection, thereby increasing its value to researchers. Jim’s contributions to the study of marine fishes were known worldwide, and two species were named in recognition of his efforts: Scopelosaurus craddocki Bertelsen and Krefft, 1976, and Eustomias jimcraddocki, Sutton and Hartel, 2004. Altogether Jim was the author or co-author of more than 35 papers (see selected examples below), most on the ecology and distribution of mesopelagic fishes, but also including reptiles, freshwater fishes, and invertebrates, as well as marine mammals. Over his time at WHOI, Jim made an extensive collection of otoliths (moved to MCZ in 2010), which led him into the study of marine mammals. His last paper, representative of this research, was on the food habits of Atlantic White-sided Dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, off New England, published at the time of his death (Craddock et al., 2009). An outstanding athlete in his youth, Jim held both Kentucky State and southeastern swimming championships while he represented the University of Louisville swim team. He was a fine basketball player, and retained a love of sports throughout his life. He was a pianist with a deep knowledge of music, from opera to country, and a singer of madrigals. Especially intrigued by the abundant life in the sea, he was also a naturalist who especially loved birds, shrubs, and trees. The diversity of rhododendrons, Japanese maples, dwarf

Osteology Identifies Fundulus capensis Garman, 1895 as a Killifish in the Family Fundulidae (Atherinomorpha: Cyprinodontiformes)

Abstract Fundulus capensis Garman, 1895 was described from the unique holotype said to be from False Bay, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Largely ignored by killifish taxonomists, its classification has remained ambiguous for over a century. Radiography and computed tomography of the holotype reveal skeletal details that have been used in modern phylogenetic hypotheses of cyprinodontiform lineages. Osteological synapomorphies confirm it is a cyprinodontiform killifish and allow us to identify it to species. The first pleural rib on the second vertebra and a symmetrical caudal fin with hypural elements fused into a fan-shaped hypural plate corroborate its classification in the cyprinodontiform suborder Cyprinodontoidei. The twisted maxilla with an anterior hook and the premaxilla with an elongate ascending process both place it in the family Fundulidae. The pointed neurapophyses of the first vertebra that do not meet in the midline and do not form a spine exclude it from the family Poeciliidae. Presence of discrete exoccipital condyles excludes it from the subfamily Poeciliinae. Overall shape, position of fins, and meristic data agree well with those of the well-known North American killifish, F. heteroclitus. Fundulus capensis Garman, 1895, redescribed herein, is considered a subjective synonym of Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus, 1766). Provenance of the specimen remains a mystery.

Monognathus berteli sp. nov. from the Indian Ocean (Pisces, Monognathidae)

A new deepsea monognathid species,Monognathus berteli, is described based on one specimen collected pelagically in the northwestern Indian Ocean at 1440–1018 meters of depth. LikeM. taningi andM. bertini, it belongs to the short-skulled species-group and has very long pectoral fins, but differs from these species by several meristic characters. The described specimen has a very long caudal filament (53% SL) which is not known from otherMonognathus. However, the fragile filament is not used as a diagnostic character since it could easily be broken.

Oceanic Anglerfishes: Extraordinary Diversity in the Deep Sea

Oceanic Anglerfishes: Extraordinary Diversity in the Deep Sea. Theodore W. Pietsch. 2009. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-255-5. 576 p.

Comments on the type status of Laemolyta (Characiformes: Anostomidae) specimens described by Garman, 1890 and Borodin, 1931

85.00.—How does one begin to review a mega-monograph and a life’s work? Maybe it is best to let the author himself outline from his preface: . . . ‘‘My purpose in writing this book is to bring together a diverse and previously scattered array of facts and data surrounding an astonishing assemblage of deep-water oceanic fishes commonly referred to as the devilfishes or sea devils, and scientifically known as the deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes’’ . . . [the book is] ‘‘designed to satisfy the needs and interests of students and professionals in ichthyology; but to a greater extent I hope that these fascinating creatures have been presented in such a way that this book will be enjoyed by all those who find excitement in the wonders of the natural world.’’ Ted Pietsch more than achieved his purpose. The 576 8K 3 11-inch pages with 69 color illustrations, 15 black and white photographs, 229 line illustrations (many done by the author himself), and 20 tables support, enliven, and accentuate his work. This book is not simply a taxonomic and systematic study of the suborder Ceratioidei (Lophiiformes), but it is a comprehensive biology of the deep-sea anglerfishes, which is the title of Part One of this monograph. Part Two is a classification of the deep-sea anglerfishes. In the first chapter of Part One, Pietsch starts, as one might expect, from the perspective of someone interested in the history of ichthyology (Pietsch 1984, 1985), with an Introduction and Historical Perspective. He succinctly introduces the cast of bizarre fishes and their places among the Lophiiformes. It all started with the discovery of a strange fish by a Captain Holbøll who sent the specimen to Reinhardt in 1833. Reinhardt described it as Himantolophus groenlandicus in 1837. Pietsch continues the history though the years along with reproductions of the original illustrations from Reinhardt, Lütken, Clarke, Collett, and Garman. He then continues through modern times, especially with Erik Bertelsen (aka Bertel). Bertelsen became the all-time ceratioid master beginning with a Dana Report monograph on the group in 1951. Pietsch worked on and off with Bertel for 25 years and dedicates this book to him. He finishes this section with a review of the works of contemporary ichthyologists, including himself. Other chapters in Part One also include ‘‘What Makes an Anglerfish,’’ which is a review of anatomical characters. Due to the disparate morphology of females, males, and larvae, a separate section has to be written for each, as well as a section on characters shared by the three groups. The chapter on ‘‘Biodiversity’’ is a vividly illustrated overview of the 11 families, 35 genera, and 160 species in the suborder (120 pages). ‘‘Evolutionary Relationships’’ gives a detailed overview of the 71 characters used to build a strict consensus tree and comments on recent molecular evidence. ‘‘Geographic Distribution’’ discusses seasonal and vertical distribution along with 33 world maps showing species distribution. ‘‘Bioluminescence and Luring’’ is a fascinating chapter that reviews what is known about the angling device, luminescence and its control, bacterial symbionts, and their biological significance. ‘‘Locomotion, Food, and Feeding’’ is also included in this chapter which describes locomotion in larvae, females, and males. It also includes a section on jet propulsion. Food and feeding covers jaw and head anatomy and related functional morphology culminating in a review of the very specialized Thaumatichthys, where the esca is a forked organ on the roof of the mouth. ‘‘Reproduction and Early Life History’’ covers discovery of attached small specimens by Seamundsson in 1922 and Regan’s discovery that the attached small specimens are dwarf males. A family-by-family account of the variable nature of the parasitic attachment, a discussion of obligatory and facultative parasitisium, and its relationship to phylogeny are provided. Part Two is called ‘‘A Classification of Deep-sea Anglerfishes,’’ and while the first few pages of this Part are a detailed listing of all the valid 160 species, the following 197 pages go into far more than a classification. The author states that this section ‘‘is presented for readers who require more detailed systematic information than presented in the main portion of the book’’, and indeed it is! Never again will anyone need a vast reference library to work with these animals. Females, males, and larvae are treated separately at each level (family, genus, and species) in a concise, detailed outline of distinctive characters, distribution, and comments. A full set of identification keys from order to species for females and males is provided. A methods section is invaluable for basic and not so basic information on how to study these fishes. For example, Pietsch cautions that measurements of these soft specimens are not as useful as one might expect due to net damage and shrinkage. Bertelsen noted that large Ceratias shrank between 6.4 and 11.3% when measured at sea in 1971 and then re-measured in 1974. In addition, this Part contains tables allocating nominal names to currently recognized names. One table is based on females and one on males. This Part ends with a list of codes for 90 repositories holding the 6,310 females and 785 males referred to in the volume. There is also a short glossary followed by 689 citations in a reference section. I have not read every line of this book, but what I have read is not only well written but also documented. The book design and layout are excellent. The illustrations are well chosen. The black and white figures are crisp and sharp, and the color is beautifully reproduced. The only thing that I found a minor problem is that wherever species are listed (in the biodiversity section of Part One or classifications and detailed descriptions in Part Two), they are not ordered alphabetically or by date of description. This requires finding the species in the index, especially with genera with a large number of species. Roy Troll painted the jacket for the book in the somber blacks and grays of the deep-sea. In the background is an antique bathysphere with two figures peering from inside, maybe Beebe and Barton. However, I would prefer to think that is Bertel and Ted observing a sea of anglerfishes. Anyone interested in biodiversity, the deep-sea, bioluminescence, or function and anatomy would be interested in this