Kasem Chunkao

Determining the In-Pipe Anaerobic Processing Distance before Draining to Oxidation Pond of Municipal Wastewater Treatment

expanding to the product raw materials around the country, especially more densities in the central, the south, the east, and the upper north but less number in the northeast. Petchaburi province is one the area that locating between the central and the south which is abundance of marine animals in the Gulf of Thailand, irrigated rice fields, fruit plantations (pine apple, rose apple, sugar palm, coconut palm, lemon), vegetables (been, asparagus, peanut, soybean), and salt pan. It is no doubtful why Petchaburi province is composed of a lot of dessert factories, food industrial factories, and the best fresh-food markets for producing all kinds of foodstuff for consuming in-the-country and exporting. Consequently, high amount and organic contaminant wastewater from food industrial factories, canneries, fresh-food markets, dessert factories, as well as even households, community, and municipals have been disorderly settled every part of the province, particularly along the stream banks of Petchaburi river on which the stream pollution was obvious before the year of 1990. Since then, H.M. the King has valuably initiated the nature-by-nature process for wastewater treatment by employing the 5-consecutive oxidation ponds after transferring high organic concentrated wastewater from point sources inside Petchaburi municipal (fresh-food markets, households, overnight food centers, dessert factories, shopping center, schools, and government offices),

Esterification of Waste Palm Oil in Wastewater Pond for Community Biodiesel Production

The aim of this research was to develop a two-step technique to prepare biodiesel from waste palm oil (WPO) with high free fatty acid content. The developed process consists of esterification and transesterification steps. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for investigating the experimental design for esterification step. Design of experiment was performed by application of 5-levels-3-factors central composite design in order to study the optimum condition for decreasing FFA in WPO. The WPO with low FFA was further experimented in transesterification step to obtain fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The investigated results showed that the WPO containing 48.62%wt of high FFA. The optimum condition of esterification step was 28 moles of methanol to FFA in WPO molar ratio, 5.5% sulfuric acid concentration in 90 min of reaction time and 60 °C of reaction temperature. After transesterification step, WPO biodiesel gave methyl ester content at 84.05% according to EN 14103 method. The properties of WPO methyl ester meet the standards of Thailand community biodiesel that can be used as fuel in agricultural machine.

Bacterial-Type Contamination of Thachin River Water from Recharging Floodwater of Extreme 2011-Bangkok Flooding Disasters through the Three-Draining Canals

Unnatural phenomena of five-consecutive typhoons in July through September 2011 caused the falling of heavy and long duration rain. The total rainfall turning to be streamflowed and reaching to around Bangkok about 150,000 MCM. Due to draining out of this amount of floodwater only Chao Phraya river took very long period of time, the government made the decision to take Mahasawad, Phasicharoen, and Mahachai canals to transfer them to Thachin river without any treatment before reaching to the stream water. In order to have warning sign from floodwater quality from unnatural typhoons in Thailand, the Royal LERD project had been collected floodwater sample to detect physical, chemical, and biological water quality at the areas around northern part of Bangkok, Chao Phraya river, three-canal watercourses (Mahasawad, Phasicharoen, Mahachai) and Thachin river. An analyzed value of physical and chemical quality was unpleasant because of high concentration above the surface water quality. As well as the biological water quality, especially microorganisms and water-born diseases was found much more than standard values [1]. It was no doubt that water of Thachin river had to be contaminated all the said water quality indicators which were rather lower quality than before and after transferring floodwater from upper north of Bangkok and Chao Phraya river through Mahasawad, Phasicharoen, and Mahachai canals to mix with Thachin river water. The above statement should be a lesson to learn of flood fighters not taking any action in the future because it would be like getting rid of bad thing from one place to the others on which it has been identified as plenty of natural resources likewise Thachin riverine systems [2].

Loss of Agricultural Land: A Case Study of Tha Chin River Basin, Influenced by Water Diversion to the West

Tha Chin River is a major river in the central plateau from the past to the present. Tha Chin river, separated from the river to Chainat. And runs almost parallel to the river in the province through the stuff into the Gulf of Thailand, Nakhon Pathom, Samut Sakhon province by the year 2011 through the Tha Chin River Basin area of the West Bank has experienced major flooding over the years. The areas near the Chao Phraya River and the Gulf of Thailand to flood conditions on the sea level rise driven by The man tried exploitation of land resources as much as possible in a variety of formats. The agricultural land use, etc., fishing industry in Thailand. Has changed over time, from past to present. Of the problems mentioned above. Researchers are interested in studying the impact of the loss of agricultural land flooding the Tha Chin River Basin influenced by the west side of the drainage. Affecting land use change in the Tha Chin River Basin. The results of this study may be used as supporting data and the schedule of the planned flood protection planning. To avoid the loss of important agricultural area and economic and social.