Katarzyna Karczewska

Comparison of intubation through the McGrath MAC, GlideScope, AirTraq, and Miller Laryngoscope by paramedics during child CPR: a randomized crossover manikin trial ☆ ☆☆ ★

BACKGROUD Advanced airway management and endotracheal intubation (ETI) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is more difficult than, for example, during anesthesia. However, new devices such as video laryngoscopes should help in such circumstances. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of 4 intubation devices in pediatric manikin-simulated CPR. METHODS One hundred two paramedics participated in this study. None had prior experience in video laryngoscopy. After a standardized audiovisual lecture lasting 45 minutes, the paramedics participated in a practical demonstration using the advanced pediatric patient simulator PediaSIM CPR (FCAE HealthCare, Sarasota, FL), which was designed to be an accurate representation of a 6-year-old child. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed using LUCAS-2 (Physio-Contro, Redmond, WA). Afterward, paramedics were instructed to perform ETI using 4 intubation devices (MacGrathMAC, GlideScope, AirTraq, and Miller Laryngoscope Blade [Miller]) in a randomized sequence. The primary outcome was the success rate of tracheal intubation. The secondary outcome was the time to intubation. RESULTS The mean time to intubation was 30.7 ± 15.3, 28.6 ± 15.9, 24.1 ± 5.0, and 39.3 ± 14.7 seconds (McGrath, GlideScope, AirTraq, and Miller, respectively); and the success ratio of intubation for the devices was 100% vs 100% vs 100% vs 77.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Child ETI performed by paramedics during uninterrupted chest compression often has a low success rate. In contrast, McGrath, GlideScope, and AirTraq intubation devices are fast, safe, and easy to use. Within the limitations of a manikin study, this study suggests that inexperienced medical staff might benefit from using video laryngoscopy devices for child emergency airway management.

Airtraq Laryngoscope Versus the Conventional Macintosh Laryngoscope During Pediatric Intubation Performed by Nurses: A Randomized Crossover Manikin Study With Three Airway Scenarios

ObjectivesWe hypothesized that the Airtraq laryngoscope (Airtraq LLC, Bonita Springs, Fla) is beneficial for intubation of pediatric manikins while performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In the present study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the Macintosh (MAC) laryngoscope (HEINE Optotechnik, Munich, Germany) and Airtraq in 3 simulated CPR scenarios. MethodsA randomized crossover simulation trial was designed. Eighty-three nurses intubated the trachea of a PediaSIM CPR training manikin (FCAE HealthCare, Sarasota, Fla) using the MAC and Airtraq in a normal airway scenario, normal airway with chest compression scenario, and difficult airway with chest compression scenario. The participants were directed to perform a maximum of 3 attempts in each scenario. The success rate, time to intubation, Cormack & Lehane grade, dental compression, and the ease of intubation were measured. ResultsAll participants performed successful intubation with the Airtraq in all 3 scenarios. In all scenarios, the success rate was significantly higher and the time to intubation was significantly shorter with the Airtraq than with the MAC. Glottic visualization using the Cormack-Lehane scale was also better when using Airtraq in all scenarios. ConclusionsIn this manikin study, we found that the Airtraq can be used successfully for the intubation of pediatric manikins with normal and difficult airways by medical staff without previous experience in pediatric intubation. Moreover, intubation can be achieved without interrupting chest compression. The use of the Airtraq compared with the MAC led to faster time to intubation. Nevertheless, we recommend that the performance of the Airtraq and the MAC during CPR should be further evaluated in a clinical setting.

A randomized comparison of the Laryngoscope with Fiber Optic Reusable Flexible Tip English Macintosh blade to the conventional Macintosh laryngoscope for intubation in simulated easy and difficult child airway with chest compression scenarios

INTRODUCTION We hypothesized that the Laryngoscope with Fiber Optic Reusable Flexible Tip English Macintosh blade (TMAC) is beneficial for the intubation of child manikins while performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In the present study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the conventional Macintosh laryngoscope (MAC) and TMAC in 3 simulated CPR scenarios. METHODS A randomized crossover simulation trial was designed. One hundred seven paramedics intubated the trachea of a PediaSIM CPR training manikin (FCAE HealthCare, Sarasota, FL) using the MAC and TMAC in a normal airway scenario (scenario A), normal airway with chest compression scenario (scenario B), and difficult airway with chest compression scenario (scenario C). The participants were directed to make a maximum of 3 attempts in each scenario. The success rate, time required for intubation, Cormack-Lehane grade, dental compression, and the ease of intubation were measured. RESULTS The median time of intubation with MAC and TMAC in scenario A was 19.6 (interquartile range [IQR], 18-23) vs 19 (IQR, 16.2-21.8); in scenario B, 29.5 (IQR, 25-31) vs 26 (IQR, 23.5-29) seconds; and in scenario C, 38 (IQR, 32.5-45) vs 29 (IQR, 25-31) seconds, respectively. The overall efficacy for each of the scenarios was as follows: in scenario A, it was 100% vs 100%; in scenario B, it was 79.4% vs 100% (P = .007); and in scenario C, it was 68.2% vs 90.7% (P < .001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The TMAC seems to be a superior intubating device compared with the conventional MAC when used in simulated normal and difficult child airway with chest compression scenarios. Future studies should explore the efficacy of TMAC in pediatric clinical emergency settings.

ET-View compared to direct laryngoscopy in patients with immobilized cervical spine by unexperienced physicians: A randomized crossover manikin trial

BACKGROUND Immobilization of the cervical spine is indicated in all patients with the potential risk of any cervical spine injury. Airway management in these patients is challenging and direct laryngoscopy is the standard of care. Videolaryngoscopes like the ET-View were introduced into clinical practice to provide better airway visualization and ease intubation. The ET-View is essentially a conventional endotracheal tube, but is equipped with a miniature camera on the tip. The ET-View has not been investigated in patients with immobilized cervical spine so far. The aim was to evaluate the performance of the VivaSight SL compared with Macintosh when performed in patients with immobilized cervical spine by unexperienced physicians. METHODS This was prospective, randomized, cross-over manikin trial. 50 novice physicians were randomly assigned to intubate a manikin in three airway scenarios including a normal airway and two cervical immobilization techniques. Overall and first intubation attempt success rate, time to intubation, dental compression and airway visualization according to the Cormack&Lehane graduation were assessed. RESULTS All physicians were able to intubate the manikin in all scenarios using the ETView, whereas direct laryngoscopy failed in 16 % with immobilized cervical spine using the patriot cervical extraction collar. First intubation attempt success rate was higher and airway visualization was better in all three scenarios using the ET-View compared to direct laryngoscopy. CONCLUSION The ET-View offered much better 62 airway visualization and provided higher overall and first intubation attempt success rates. Therefore, the ET-View is a valuable alternative in patients with difficult intubation due to immobilized cervical spine. Further clinical trials are indicated to confirm these findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02733536.

Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe cardiac or respiratory failure

Deutschland GmbH, Grasbrunn, Germany). The bougie is a 60-cm guide with a curved end and depth markers (OR 15 Ch), which was designed to assist in tracheal tube exchange during difficult intubation. This study was a randomized crossover manikin trial. Each participant attempted the exchange in scenarios with and without chest compression, and the order of scenarios and the participants was randomized using a computer-generated randomized sequence (www. researchrandomizer.com; Fig. 2: Supplementary data). The survey was conducted in March 2015 and was attended by 75 paramedics who exchanged an LT (size 4; VBM Medizintechnik GmbH) for an ETT (ID 7.5; Smiths Medical Deutschland GmbH) in the 2 aforementioned scenarios. The procedures were performed on a METIman Prehospital manikin (CAE HealthCare, Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada). Chest compression was performed using a LUCAS-2 (Physio-Control, Redmond, WA). The tube exchange timewas defined as the time from the participant picking up the introducer to ventilation of themanikins lungs. A procedure was determined to have failed when the time taken to insert an ETT exceeded 120 seconds. Results are shown as median and interquartile range (IQR) and absolute numbers and percentages (%). Statistical analysiswas performed using Statistica version 12 forWindows (StatSoft, Inc, Tulusa, OK). P b .05 was considered as statistically significant. Times needed to successful intubation were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. There were no significant differences in the LT exchange effectiveness in scenarios with and without chest compression (P = .89; Table). Of the 75 participants, 2 failed the LT exchange in the scenario without chest compression, and 4 failed in the scenario with chest compression. Median time to LT exchange in both scenarios varied: 59.3 seconds (IQR, 35.7-68.3 seconds) vs 64.9 seconds (IQR, 41.481.3 seconds). We conclude that LT exchange using the bougie intubation stylet may be useful in the rapid intubation of patients during CPR. Using the bougie for LT exchange seems to be faster than using a fiberscope, as indicated in the study by Budde et al [1]. More studies are required to confirm these results. Figure. View of the glottic opening through the LT-D. Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.04.049.