Kazuyuki Akiyama

Synthetic musk residues in biota and water from Tama River and Tokyo Bay (Japan)

Musk xylene and musk ketone (synthetic musks) were detected in 100% and 80%, respectively of 74 samples, [freshwater fish (three species), marine shellfish (four species), river water, and wastewater (three sewage treatment plants)] collected from several sampling stations along the Tama River, a dam, and Tokyo Bay, during July and October, 1980 and 1981. The average concentrations of musk xylene were 53.9 ppb in the viscera of freshwater fish, 16.0 ppb in the fish muscle, and 2.7 ppb in marine shellfish; the mean levels of musk ketone were 30.5 ppb in the viscera, 7.8 ppb in the muscle, and 1.6 ppb in the shellfish. The mean levels in river water were 4.1 ppt for musk xylene and 9.9 ppt for musk ketone, but no detectable levels of musk ketone were found in freshwater fish and river water upstream of the Tama River and the dam. The highest concentrations of both compounds were observed in freshwater fish down-stream, and that in water samples were found in wastewater from the sewage treatment plants, situated along the banks of the river. The results suggested that both compounds exist as bioaccumulation-type pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in commercial diphenyl ether herbicides, and in freshwater fish collected from the application area

Abstract This paper describes the analyses of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans, and related compounds in diphenyl ether herbicides, CNP, NIP, and X-52. The levels of tetra-, penta-CDDs, and tetra-CDFs were about 150, 30, and 15 ppm, respectively in CNP formulations. NIP and X-52 contained lower chlorine alalogs. Isomer distribution of PCDDs in CNP agreed with an estimate from the reaction of chlorophenols. Freshwater fish samples heavily contaminated with CNP in the application season also contained 0.2 ppb of 1,3,6,8-tetra-CDD.

1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene in fish, shellfish, and seawater in Tokyo Bay, 1977–1979

Concentrations of 1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (CNP) were measured in goby-fish, sea bass, shellfish, and seawater samples collected in the coastal waters of Tokyo Bay. The concentrations of CNP found in goby-fish were in the range of 2.6 to 91,400 ppb in liver, 0.1 to 360 ppb in muscle, trace to 2,900 ppb in short-necked clam, and not detectable to 1.9 ppb in seawater. Although the concentrations in the samples varied with time and place of sampling, the maximum levels were found in the samples obtained in May or June of 1977, 1978, and 1979.

Isolation and identification of 1,3,5‐trichloro‐2‐(4‐nitrophenoxy)benzene (CNP) in shellfish

1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (CNP), a widely used herbicide in Japan, has been identified in environmental biota for the first time. CNP was isolated from mussel collected in Tokyo bay and confirmed by GC-MS, IR and UV spectra. The level of CNP in the mussel sample was approximately 1 ppm on wet basis.