Keisuke Nogi

Nickel-Catalyzed Carboxylation of Aryl and Vinyl Chlorides Employing Carbon Dioxide

Nickel-catalyzed carboxylation of aryl and vinyl chlorides employing carbon dioxide has been developed. The reactions proceeded under a CO(2) pressure of 1 atm at room temperature in the presence of nickel catalysts and Mn powder as a reducing agent. Various aryl chlorides could be converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid in good to high yields. Furthermore, vinyl chlorides were successfully carboxylated with CO(2). Mechanistic study suggests that Ni(I) species is involved in the catalytic cycle.

Carboxyzincation Employing Carbon Dioxide and Zinc Powder: Cobalt-Catalyzed Multicomponent Coupling Reactions with Alkynes

Cobalt-catalyzed carboxyzincation reactions employing carbon dioxide and zinc metal powder are developed. By using alkynes as substrates, regio- and stereodefined (Z)-β-zincated acrylates are provided. The corresponding alkenylzinc moiety can be converted to various substituents, affording multisubstituted acrylic acids. Furthermore, by adding electron-deficient alkene to the reaction system, the four-component coupling reactions of alkyne, alkene, CO2, and the Zn atom proceed via carboxyzincation.

Cobalt- and Nickel-Catalyzed Carboxylation of Alkenyl and Sterically Hindered Aryl Triflates Utilizing CO2

A highly efficient cobalt-catalyzed reductive carboxylation reaction of alkenyl trifluoromethanesulfonates (triflates) has been developed. By employing Mn powder as a reducing reagent under 1 atm pressure of CO2 at room temperature, diverse alkenyl triflates can be converted to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids. Moreover, the carboxylation of sterically hindered aryl triflates proceeds smoothly in the presence of a nickel or cobalt catalyst.

Palladium-Catalyzed ipso-Borylation of Aryl Sulfides with Diborons

A catalytic Miyaura-type ipso-borylation of aryl sulfides with diboron reagents has been achieved, providing arylboronate esters of synthetic use. The key conditions to transform inherently reluctant C-S bonds into C-B bonds include a palladium-NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) precatalyst, bis(pinacolato)diboron, and lithium hexamethyldisilazide. This protocol is applicable to a reasonable range of aryl alkyl sulfides. Twofold borylation was observed in the reaction of diphenyl sulfide.

Regioselective C–H Sulfanylation of Aryl Sulfoxides by Means of Pummerer-Type Activation

A regioselective C-H sulfanylation of aryl sulfoxides with alkyl aryl sulfides in the presence of acid anhydride was developed, which resulted in the formation of 1,4-disulfanylarenes after dealkylation of initially formed sulfonium salts. The reaction began with Pummerer-type activation of aryl sulfoxides followed by nucleophilic attack of alkyl aryl sulfides. The nucleophilic attack occurred exclusively at the para positions, or at specific positions in case the para position was not available, under perfect control by the dominating sulfoxide directors regardless of any other substituents. The initially formed aryl sulfonium salts were isolable and usefully served as aryl halide surrogates for palladium-catalyzed arylation with sodium tetraarylborates.

Aromatic Metamorphosis of Dibenzofurans into Triphenylenes Starting with Nickel-Catalyzed Ring-Opening C–O Arylation

A new class of aromatic metamorphosis has been developed in which dibenzofurans were converted into triphenylenes. This transformation is composed of three successive operations: (1) nickel-catalyzed ring-opening C-O bond arylation with arylmagnesium bromides, (2) trifluoromethanesulfonylation (triflation) of the resulting hydroxy moiety with Tf2O, and (3) palladium-catalyzed or photoinduced ring closure. In the last ring-closing step, the photoinduced process has proven to be more productive than the palladium-catalyzed one. By employing π-extended dinaphthofuran as the substrate, dorsally benzo-fused [5]helicene was obtained in a satisfactory yield.

Manganese-Catalyzed Ring Opening of Benzofurans and Its Application to Insertion of Heteroatoms into the C2–O Bond

A new class of aromatic metamorphosis in which benzofurans are converted into diverse six-membered oxaheterocycles has been developed. This transformation is composed of two reactions in one pot: manganese-catalyzed arylative or alkylative ring-opening of benzofurans affording dianionic intermediates and subsequent trapping with multivalent heteroatom electrophiles. Various electrophiles containing silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, and titanium could be applied to this heteroatom insertion.

Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Sulfoxides

Amination of diaryl sulfoxides with anilines and alkylamines has been accomplished under palladium/N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis. Owing to its electron deficiency, the leaving arenesulfenate anion would be smoothly released from the palladium center to result in uneventful catalyst turnover under milder reaction conditions in comparison with previous C-S bond amination reactions. This amination accommodated a wider range of functional groups such as silyl, boryl, methylsulfanyl, and halogen moieties. Regioselective amination of unsymmetrical diaryl sulfoxides was also executed by means of steric bias.

C–S Bond Activation

This review first briefly summarizes stoichiometric C–S bond activation by transition metal complexes and then focuses on catalytic synthetic reactions involving C–S bond activation.

Copper‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening Silylation of Benzofurans with Disilane

The catalytic ring-opening silylation of benzofurans has been achieved by employing a copper catalyst and 1,2-di-tert-butoxy-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane, which could be easily prepared and handled without special care. The reaction afforded (E)-o-(β-silylvinyl)phenols with complete stereoselectivity. The scope of benzofurans was well explored, and functional groups such as chloro, fluoro, and acetal were compatible with the reaction conditions. DFT calculations were used to determine the energy profile of the silylation and the origin of the stereoselectivity. The silylated product was proven to be useful as a synthetic intermediate and subsequently underwent transformations such as Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling with iodoarenes.