Keita Morikane

Factors Associated with Surgical Site Infection in Colorectal Surgery: The Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance

OBJECTIVE Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). This study aims to assess factors associated with SSI after colorectal surgery in Japan, using a Japanese national database for HAIs. DESIGN A retrospective nationwide surveillance-based study. SETTING Japanese healthcare facilities. METHODS Data on colon and rectal surgeries performed from 2008 through 2010 were extracted from a national monitoring system for healthcare-associated infections, the Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (JANIS). Factors associated with SSI after colon and rectal surgery were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of SSI for colon and rectal surgery was 15.0% (6,691 of 44,751) and 17.8% (3,230 of 18,187), respectively. Traditional risk factors included in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) modified risk index were significant in predicting SSI in the final model for both colon and rectal surgery. Among the additional variables routinely collected in JANIS were factors independently associated with the development of SSI, such as male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14-1.27]), ileostomy or colostomy placement (aOR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.04-1.21]), emergency operation (aOR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.29-1.52]), and multiple procedures (aOR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.13-1.33]) for colon surgery as well as male sex (aOR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.31-1.55]), ileostomy or colostomy placement (aOR, 1,63 [95% CI, 1.51-1.79]), and emergency operation (aOR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.20-1.72]) for rectal surgery. CONCLUSIONS For colorectal operations, inclusion of additional variables routinely collected in JANIS can more accurately predict SSI risk than can the NNIS risk index alone.

APSIC guide for prevention of Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI)

This document is an executive summary of the APSIC Guide for Prevention of Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI). It describes key evidence-based care components of the Central Line Insertion and Maintenance Bundles and its implementation using the quality improvement methodology, namely the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) methodology involving multidisciplinary process and stakeholders. Monitoring of improvement over time with timely feedback to stakeholders is a key component to ensure the success of implementing best practices. A surveillance program is recommended to monitor outcomes and adherence to evidence-based central line insertion and maintenance practices (compliance rate) and identify quality improvement opportunities and strategically targeting interventions for the reduction of CLABSI.

Infection Control in Healthcare Settings in Japan

In Japan, the practice of infection control in healthcare settings has a short history of less than 3 decades. Before that, infection control practices were far from perfect and even ignored. This review summarizes changes in infection control in Japan since the 1980s and offers some comparisons with practices in foreign countries, especially the United States. Infection control is far better now than 25 years ago, but there remain fundamental issues that limit the development of better infection control practices. These problems include insufficient funding and human resources due to the socialized healthcare insurance system in Japan and the lack of interest in infection control research.

Toward the rational use of standardized infection ratios to benchmark surgical site infections

BACKGROUND The National Healthcare Safety Network transitioned from surgical site infection (SSI) rates to the standardized infection ratio (SIR) calculated by statistical models that included perioperative factors (surgical approach and surgery duration). Rationally, however, only patient-related variables should be included in the SIR model. METHODS Logistic regression was performed to predict expected SSI rate in 2 models that included or excluded perioperative factors. Observed and expected SSI rates were used to calculate the SIR for each participating hospital. The difference of SIR in each model was then evaluated. RESULTS Surveillance data were collected from a total of 1,530 colon surgery patients and 185 SSIs. C-index in the model with perioperative factors was statistically greater than that in the model including patient-related factors only (0.701 vs 0.621, respectively, P < .001). At one particular hospital, for which the percentage of open surgery was lowest (33.2%), SIR estimates changed considerably from 0.92 (95% confidence interval: 0.84-1.00) for the model with perioperative variables to 0.79 (0.75-0.85) for the model without perioperative variables. In another hospital with a high percentage of open surgery (88.6%), the estimate of SIR was decreased by 12.1% in the model without perioperative variables. CONCLUSION Because surgical approach and duration of surgery each serve as a partial proxy of the operative process or the competence of surgical teams, these factors should not be considered predictive variables.

Epidemiology and risk factors associated with surgical site infection after different types of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery

PurposeSurgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs); however, SSI after hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery (HBPS) has not been well investigated in a large cohort of patients. This study analyzed the factors associated with SSI following HBPS in Japan, using a Japanese national database.MethodsData on HBPS performed between 2012 and 2014 were extracted from a national monitoring system for HAI: The Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance. Using multivariate logistic regression, I assessed the factors associated with SSI.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of SSI following HBPS was 15.6% (2873/18,398). The incidence of SSI after pancreatoduodenectomy was 28.0%, which was significantly higher than that after liver resection and other types of HBPS (8.8 and 15.5%, respectively). Among the four traditional risk factors, the American Society of Anesthesiologists score was ineffective for predicting SSI in the final model of all three types of surgery. Additional risk factors were identified, including age and male gender.ConclusionsThe incidence of and factors associated with SSI after the three types of HBPS analyzed differed significantly. To accurately compare hospital performance in relation to SSI following HBPS, the operative procedure category in the surveillance system must be divided into three types.

Factors Associated With Surgical Site Infection Following Gastric Surgery in Japan.

BACKGROUND Surgical site infection (SSI) following gastric surgery has not been well documented. OBJECTIVE To describe and assess factors associated with SSI following gastric surgery in Japan using a Japanese national database for healthcare-associated infections. DESIGN A retrospective nationwide surveillance-based study. SETTING Japanese healthcare facilities. METHODS Data on gastric surgeries performed between 2012 and 2014 were extracted from the Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance. Gastric surgery was divided into 3 types of procedures: total gastrectomy (GAST-T), distal gastrectomy (GAST-D), and other types of gastric surgery (GAST-O). The incidence of and factors associated with SSI following gastric surgery were assessed by the 3 types of procedures. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of SSI following gastric surgery was 8.8% (3,156/36,052). The incidence of SSI following GAST-T (12.4%) was significantly higher than that following GAST-D (7.01%) or GAST-O (7.84%). Besides the 4 conventional risk factors for predicting SSI, additional risk factors were identified. Male sex was significantly associated with SSI following all types of gastric surgery, but the effect of the association was substantially different (adjusted odds ratio, 1.52, 1.47, and 1.28 for GAST-T, GAST-D, and GAST-O, respectively). The effect of an emergency operation was similar. Age was also identified as a risk factor, but the most suitable modification of age as a variable differed. CONCLUSIONS The incidence and factors associated with SSI following 3 types of gastric surgery differed. To accurately compare hospital performance in SSI prevention following gastric surgery, dividing surgical procedures in the surveillance system into 3 types should be considered. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1-6.

1012The Effect of Modification of Operative Procedure Category in the Surgical Site Infections Surveillance in Japan: Toward the Better Stratification

Surgical Site Infections Surveillance in Japan: Toward the Better Stratification Keita Morikane, MD, PhD; Akihiro Sawa, PharmD; Junzo Shimizu, MD, PhD; Hisami Tanimura, RN, CNIC; Yasushi Harihara, MD, PhD; Infection Control, Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Japan; Hiroshima International University, Kure, Japan; Osaka Rosai Hospital, Sakai, Japan; NTT Kanto Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Surgery, NTT Kanto Hospital, Tokyo, Japan