Kelley Regan

Persuading Students with Emotional Disabilities to Write Fluently.

A multiple-baseline design study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of strategy instruction in persuasive writing with eighth-grade students who attended a public day school for students with severe emotional and behavior disabilities. Students were taught to plan and write persuasive essays using the Self-Regulated Strategy Development model. Following mastery of the strategy, students were taught to apply the learned strategy to write fluently in 10 min. After more than 4 months of instruction, findings indicated that all students had mastered the components of effective persuasive essay writing and increased from baseline to postinstruction and fluency phases in length and quality of essays. Effects were also noted on maintenance and generalization essay probes administered over 11.5 weeks after fluency testing. Observed on-task behavior was significantly correlated with a number of fluency, maintenance, and generalization outcomes. Implications for teaching and further research are discussed.

Effective Reading and Writing Instruction: A Focus on Modeling

When providing effective reading and writing instruction, teachers need to provide explicit modeling. Modeling is particularly important when teaching students to use cognitive learning strategies. Examples of how teachers can provide specific, explicit, and flexible instructional modeling is presented in the context of two evidence-based practices in the areas of reading and writing.

Can Students with Emotional and/or Behavioral Disabilities Improve on Planning and Writing in the Content Areas of Civics and Mathematics?.

Eight eighth-grade students identified as having emotional and/or behavioral disabilities participated in a multiple-baseline design study to assess the effects of teaching persuasive writing and applying writing in the civics content area. After baseline data were collected, two intervention phases were implemented. An instructional phase on teaching self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) with the mnemonic “POW-TREE” was implemented, followed by postintervention testing, then a second intervention phase using civics content was implemented, followed by posttesting. Following a 4-week delay, maintenance and generalization probes were administered. Students were also assessed on their strategy knowledge, social validity, and time spent on planning and writing. Findings revealed that all students improved substantially on all essay measures, including essay length, essay quality, and number of essay parts, sentences, and paragraphs. Strategy data revealed that all students learned the strategy, enjoyed using it, and reported understanding the benefits of continued strategy use. Findings are discussed with respect to educational implications and future research.

Advances in literacy practices for students with emotional and behavioral disabilities

This chapter provides a descriptive review of recent intervention research practices intended to improve the literacy skills of students with emotional or behavioral disabilities (EBD). A systematic search procedure identified 21 investigations that had been published in the past five years. These studies are described within the categories of peer-mediated literacy interventions, reading interventions, and writing interventions. Generally, it has been found that such practices as peer mediation, direct instruction (DI), cognitive text mapping, and writing strategy instruction including the Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) model have led to substantial improvement in the literacy skills of students with EBD. These strategies were apparently successful because they served generally to focus student attention and to provide cognitive models for executing literacy tasks. Implications for practice and future research are provided.

Statistical Analysis for Single Subject Research Designs

Single subject research has long been employed to evaluate intervention effectiveness with students with learning or behavioral disabilities. Typically, the results of single subject research are presented on graphic displays and analyzed by a method of visual inspection, in which analysts simultaneously consider such data elements as level change, slope change, and variability in baseline and treatment data. However, over the years several concerns regarding visual inspection have emerged, including relatively low inter-rater reliabilities. This chapter reviews the arguments in favor of visual inspection as an analytic tool, and also summarizes the arguments favoring statistical analysis of single case data. The use of randomization tests is recommended, and an example is provided of its use in research with students with learning and behavioral disorders.

Learning to Collaborate: General and Special Educators in Teacher Education

One of the foremost challenges for K–12 teachers is to provide relevant learning experiences in an environment of increasing accountability and student diversity. This balance is particularly consequential for students with disabilities who rely on special and general education teachers to ensure access to and success within the general curriculum. Teacher collaboration has been viewed as a critical part of the equation to help meet the needs of those learners. In this article, we present a case study from a course codeveloped and cotaught by secondary and special education faculty working in a teacher preparation program. Findings indicate that the teacher candidates with whom we worked showed a more complex sense of collaboration and recognition of critical elements of successful collaborative partnerships at the conclusion of the course.

Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction for Struggling Elementary Readers With Disabilities

Despite a lack of conclusive evidence, many researchers in the field view computer-assisted instruction (CAI) as an opportunity for improved instruction for students with disabilities. This study examined the effects of a CAI program, Lexia Strategies for Older Students (SOS)™ on the word recognition skills of four, upper elementary students with mild disabilities. This study used a multiple-probe design across three targeted reading skill conditions per student. Findings revealed that some students were able to meet mastery of basic word reading skills with Lexia SOS alone, while others needed additional direct instruction. Student perceptions of Lexia SOS were positive. Results have particular implications for instruction in classrooms beyond the primary grades (K-3) when the focus of the curriculum shifts away from basic decoding instruction. Directions for future research are discussed.

Beyond the Blind Date: Collaborative Course Development and Co-Teaching by Teacher Educators.

Given the current climate of accountability, teachers must collaborate across disciplines to meet the diverse needs of students. Few, however, are prepared to collaborate in school settings upon completing teacher preparation programs. In this article, a participatory action research study undertaken by teacher educators who approached the lack of cross-disciplinary collaborations in two teacher preparation programs by developing and implementing a co-taught course on collaboration for general and special education teachers is presented. The described process was informed by interviews, observations, and analysis of course materials. Results contribute to the development of a framework for educator collaborations in higher education.

Emphasizing Planning for Essay Writing With a Computer-Based Graphic Organizer

The authors conducted a multiple-baseline study to investigate the effects of a computer-based graphic organizer (CBGO) with embedded self-regulated learning strategies on the quantity and quality of persuasive essay writing by students with high-incidence disabilities. Ten seventh- and eighth-grade students with learning disabilities, emotional and behavioral disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder participated in the study. The authors collected data on the number of words, sentences, transition words, essay parts, and holistic writing quality score across (a) baseline (writing on the computer without the CBGO), (b) CBGO-use phase (writing on the computer with the CBGO), and (c) maintenance (writing on the computer without the CBGO). In a visual analysis, all participants improved the quality of their writing, and the majority of students also increased the quantity of their writing. Student interview data are presented to discuss the social validity of this innovative technology-based intervention.

Understanding Practitioner Perceptions of Responsiveness to Intervention

This mixed methods study explored elementary and secondary educators’ perceptions of their school district’s responsiveness to intervention (RTI) initiative. Teachers and administrators were surveyed regarding (a) the perceived feasibility and effectiveness of educational practices that are inherent within RTI models, (b) perceived knowledge of basic RTI concepts, and (c) perceived preparedness to implement specific components of RTI within their district. A majority of respondents reported that educational practices common to RTI models (e.g., progress monitoring, evidence-based instruction) were both feasible for the classroom and effectively implemented at their school. In addition, most understood the basic principles of RTI. However, responses indicated that educators need more specific guidance about how to implement. Lack of understanding of RTI and need for guidance for implementation were particularly pronounced at the high school level. Findings from the current study are consistent with the existing RTI literature. We conclude with recommendations for professional development of RTI and implications for practice specifically at the secondary level.