Kelly Devries

Gunpowder Weaponry and the Rise of the Early Modern State

S the 1988 publication of Geoffrey Parker’s The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800, the term ‘Military Revolution’ has become common parlance and accepted scholarship among military historians. Recent books and collections of articles by Brian M. Downing, Weston F. Cook Jr, David Eltis, Clifford J. Rogers, and Andrew Ayton and J.L. Price have even incorporated the term in their titles. All these works agreed that a revolution in military tactics and strategy had been effected by the innovation of gunpowder weaponry. And while it is true that the ‘Military Revolution’ thesis has had its critics, these, like Jeremy Black, John A. Lynn, Bert S. Hall and myself, have specifically targeted Parker’s ideas of technological determinism.

The introduction and use of the pavise in the Hundred Years War

Abstract When the Genoese had all been brought together and put in order, and after they had begun to approach their enemy, they started to shout as loud as they could to frighten the English. But the English remained quiet and did not move. Thus the Genoese shouted again and moved a bit closer, but the English still remained silent and did not move. The Genoese again shouted, very loud and very clear, and shortly thereafter they raised their crossbows and began to shoot. The English archers, when they saw this formation, took one step forward and let their arrows fly in such large numbers that they fell on the Genoese so evenly that it seemed like snow. The Genoese, who had not earlier faced such archers as those of the English, when they saw that the arrows had pierced their arms, heads, and faces, became so confused that they cut their bowstrings and threw away their crossbows. Then they turned and fled.

The English in the Southern Low Countries during the Fourteenth Century

In The Hundred Years War: Further Considerations, sixteen essays consider various economic, legal, military, and psychological aspects of the long conflict that touched much of late-medieval Europe.

The Military Role of the Magistrates in Holland during the Guelders War

Sources in the city and state archives of Holland show that at the beginning of the sixteenth century the magistrates of Holland were proficient in military matters of defense. During the Guelders war, which lasted until 1543, they hired and paid soldiers, arranged billets for them, confronted mutinies, controlled local military dispositions and costs, purchased and distributed weapons to their burghers, had munitions manufactured for them locally, supervised drills, mustered men, and, within their cities, organized resistance to the Guelders enemy. Two generations later, at the time of the Dutch Revolt, the same skills were needed again to help defeat Philip II.

The Question Of Medieval Military Professionalism

One of the topics this article addressed was the professionalism of the medieval army. Less is known about the Norman infantry, except it seems more and more likely, based on research at the same time and later, that they, too, were permanently employed as soldier. The only one of Trims markers not so far commented on in the example of Hastings is the tformal pay system.t Without further discussion on the obvious modern concept of this point, with wages alone considered military economic compensation, those who fought for William the Conqueror and survived the battle were recompensed very well indeed according to the Domesday Book. Without a more complete discussion of the roles of these soldiers in medieval warfare, or an analysis of different types of military engagements, the argument in favor of medieval military professionalism cannot be conclusive. So it is but an introduction to the subject. Keywords: medieval military professionalism; Norman infantry; soldier; William

Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology

The Battle of Courtrai, 1302 the Battle of Arques, 1303 the Battle of Mons-en-Pevele, 1304 the Battle of Loudon Hill, 1307 the Battle of Kephissos, 1311 the Battle of Bannockburn, 1314 the Battle of Boroughbridge, 1322 the Battle of Cassel, 1328 the battles of Dupplin Moor, 1332, and Halidon Hill, 1333 the Battle of Laupen, 1339 the Battle of Morlaix, 1342 the battles of Staveren, 1345, and Votem, 1346 the Battle of Crecy, 1346 the Battle of Nevilles Cross, 1346 three infantry ambushes - the battles of Morgarten, 1315, Auberoche, 1345, and La Roche-Derrien, 1347.

Medieval Military Technology

List of Illustrations Acknowledgements Introduction Part I: Arms and Armor Chapter 1: Arms The Spear/Lance The Axe The Sword The Dagger The Staff-Weapon The Mace The War Hammer The Sling The Bow The Crossbow Chapter 2: Armor Early Medieval Armor Armor in the Bayeux Tapestry Twelfth-Century Armor Shields, Helmets, and Heraldry in the Thirteenth Century Fourteenth-Century Body Armor Cloth-Covered Armor from the Battlefield of Visby Later Fourteenth-Century Armor Developments Plate Armor Late Medieval Infantry Armor Late Medieval Helmets Late Medieval Shields and Barding Chapter 3: The Stirrup, Mounted Shock Combat, Chivalry, and Feudalism Whites Thesis Criticism of Whites Thesis Part II: Artillery Chapter 4: Non-Gunpowder Artillery Torsion Catapults Traction Trebuchets Counterweight Trebuchets Greek Fire Chapter 5: Gunpowder Artillery Early History of European Gunpower Weapons Siege, Battlefield, and Naval Applications Types and Manufacturing of Gunpowder, Gunpowder Weapons, and Projectiles Societal Impacts and Administrative Changes Chapter 6: Siege Machines Ladders Siege Towers Battering Rams and Mining Devices Part III: Fortifications Chapter 7: Early Medieval Fortifications Late Roman and Barbarian Carolingian The Viking Invasions and Reactions Chapter 8: The Motte-and-Bailey Castle The Influence of William the Conqueror Construction Techniques Chapter 9: Stone Castles The Origin of Stone Castles Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Stone Castles Crusader Castles The Golden Age of Castle Construction Edward Is Castles in Wales Chapter 10: Urban Fortifications and Fortified Residences Fortified Residences Town Walls The Influence of Gunpowder Weapons Part IV: Warships Chapter 11: Early Medieval Warships Late Roman and Early Medieval Ships Viking Ships William the Conquerors Fleet Chapter 12: High and Late Medieval Warships Crusader Ships Thirteenth-Century Ships Technological Innovations Later Medieval Ships Conclusion Bibliography Index

The Patterns of War through the Eighteenth Century

PREFACE ONE. Ancient Warfare before the Age of Rome Pre-civilzed Warfare, 200,000-3200 B.C. Warfare in the Near East, 3200-500 B.C. Early Western Warfare: The Greek Way, 499-362 B.C. The Macedonian Art of War and Alexander the Great Ancient Warfare in India and China TWO. War in the Age of Rome The Roman Army, 509-146 B.C. Roman Expansion, Reforms, and Civil Wars to 29 B.C. The Army of Imperial Rome War in India, China, and Japan THREE. War in the Middle Ages The Byzantine Struggle to Survive Frankish Dominance and Charlemagne From Charlemagne to the Norman Conquest The Age of the Crusades Medieval Warfare at Zenith The Mongol Conquests and Medieval Russia The Hundred Years War, 1337-1453 FOUR. Early Modern Land Warfare, 1494-1721 The Wars for Italy, 1494-1559 The Dutch Revolt, 1568-1648 The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 The Early Modern Army in England to 1661 The Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great The patterns of Land Warfare, 1494-1721 FIVE. War under Sail and European Overseas Expansion to 1725 The Early Sailing Navies and the Armada Campaign of 1588 Navies of the 17th and 18th Centuries EnglandOs Rise to Naval Supremacy European Overseas Expansion and Conquest SIX. The Patterns of Neoclassical War, 1725-1789 Land Warfare in the Neoclassical Age The European Navies in the Neoclassical Age European Wars of the Neoclassical Age The Neoclassical Wars Overseas The Legacies of the Neoclassical Age EPILOGUE BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX