Kelly S. Hale

Deriving haptic design guidelines from human physiological, psychophysical, and neurological foundations

We survey the haptics literature and identify conditions under which haptic interaction displays can enhance human perception and performance. Integrating haptic interactions in multimodal systems requires understanding users sensory, perceptual, and cognitive abilities and limitations. Haptic design guidelines can aid developers of multimodal interactive systems. Haptic interaction relates to all aspects of touch and body movement and the application of these senses to computer interaction. This involves not only sensation and perception, but also motor and cognitive aspects of active movement (that is, self-initiated movement) for which detailed motor plans are created, stored in memory, and compared to receptor feedback from the muscles, joints, and skin.

What to Expect from Immersive Virtual Environment Exposure: Influences of Gender, Body Mass Index, and Past Experience

For those interested in using head-coupled PC-based immersive virtual environment (VE) technology to train, entertain, or inform, it is essential to understand the effects this technology has on its users. This study investigated potential adverse effects, including the sickness associated with exposure and extreme responses (emesis, flashbacks). Participants were exposed to a VE for 15 to 60 min, with either complete or streamlined navigational control and simple or complex scenes, after which time measures of sickness were obtained. More than 80% of participants experienced nausea, oculomotor disturbances, and/or disorientation, with disorientation potentially lasting >24 hr. Of the participants, 12.9% prematurely ended their exposure because of adverse effects; of these, 9.2% experienced an emetic response, whereas only 1.2% of all participants experienced emesis. The results indicate that designers may be able to reduce these rates by limiting exposure duration and reducing the degrees of freedom of the users navigational control. Results from gender, body mass, and past experience comparisons indicated it may be possible to identify those who will experience adverse effects attributable to exposure and warn such individuals. Applications for this research include military, entertainment, and any other interactive systems for which designers seek to avoid adverse effects associated with exposure.

A Paradigm Shift in Interactive Computing: Deriving Multimodal Design Principles from Behavioral and Neurological Foundations

As technology advances, systems are increasingly able to provide more information than a human operator can process accurately. Thus, a challenge for designers is to create interfaces that allow operators to process the optimal amount of data. It is herein proposed that this may be accomplished by creating multimodal display systems that augment or switch modalities to maximize user information processing. Such a system would ultimately be informed by a users neurophysiological state. As a first step toward that goal, relevant literature is reviewed and a set of preliminary design guidelines for multimodal information systems is suggested.

Augmented Cognition: An Overview

Augmented cognition is a form of human-systems interaction in which a tight coupling between user and computer is achieved via physiological and neurophysiological sensing of a users cognitive state. This interactive paradigm seeks to revolutionize the manner in which humans engage with computers by leveraging this knowledge of cognitive state to precisely adapt user-system interaction in real time. This review provides an overview of contemporary works in the field of augmented cognition and details regarding the three main components of an augmented cognition system: cognitive state sensors, adaptation strategies, and control systems. The review provides a perspective on the field as well as insights into the many challenges that lie ahead for those who endeavor to realize the full potential of augmented cognition.

Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications, Second Edition

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Enhancing Mitigation in Augmented Cognition

In augmented cognition (AugCog), mitigation strategies are used as real-time intervention techniques that are triggered by the outcome of cognitive state assessment and context to significantly improve human-systems performance. Yet, no common ground has been established regarding best practices and what aspects to consider during implementation. This paper discusses mitigation strategies currently used in AugCog systems and provides insights into their strengths and weaknesses. An event-based conceptual framework is introduced that aids real-time mitigation strategy selection by linking system events to real-time cognitive state indicators, which together determine when, what, and how to mitigate. Insights from the implementation of this framework in an AugCog system designed to optimize situation awareness are presented, which support the architecture of the framework and identify further challenges to mitigation. Future work should focus on further validating the proposed framework and leveraging techniques from other domains (e.g., film, theater) to create more effective mitigation concepts in AugCog systems.

Construction and validation of a neurophysio-technological framework for imagery analysis

Intelligence analysts are bombarded with enormous volumes of imagery, which they must visually filter through to identify relevant areas of interest. Interpretation of such data is subject to error due to (1) large data volumes, implying the need for faster and more effective processing, and (2) misinterpretation, implying the need for enhanced analyst/system effectiveness. This paper outlines the Revolutionary Accelerated Processing Image Detection (RAPID) System, designed to significantly improve data throughput and interpretation by incorporating advancing neurophysiological technology to monitor processes associated with detection and identification of relevant target stimuli in a non-invasive and temporally precise manner. Specifically, this work includes the development of innovative electroencephalographic (EEG) and eye tracking technologies to detect and flag areas of interest, potentially without an analysts conscious intervention or motor responses, while detecting and mitigating problems with tacit knowledge, such as anchoring bias in real-time to reduce the possibility of human error.

A Scale for Assessing Human Factors Readiness Levels

This paper describes a proposed scale of Human Factors Readiness Levels (HFRL) that provides a method for standardizing Human Factors (HF) readiness assessment. This scale can be used by HF decision makers in the acquisition, project management, or implementation phases in conjunction with Technological Readiness Levels, and includes HF-specific level descriptions and evaluation requirements. To determine HF readiness, information about the risks, processes, and quality of conducted R&D with respect to 24 HF study areas must be gathered. Gathered information is then used to determine individual HFRL scores for each area, and an overall HFRL for the evaluated system. Using HFRLs, researchers or decision makers can identify several categories of research issues. Specifically, an HFRL analysis can help them assess whether HF R&D resources are optimally allocated, whether HF area interdependencies are considered, whether gaps in the HF R&D process exist, or whether there are problems with HF R&D quality. The use of such a process will enable the standardization of HF R&D metrics across participating organizations to ensure quality of research, and facilitate sharing HF R&D efforts and outcomes across agencies.

Multimodal sensory information requirements for enhancing situation awareness and training effectiveness

Virtual training systems use multimodal technology to provide realistic training scenarios. To determine the benefits of adopting multimodal training strategies, it is essential to identify the critical knowledge, skills and attitudes that are being targeted in training and relate these to the multimodal human sensory systems that should be stimulated to support this acquisition. This paper focuses on trainee situation awareness and develops a multimodal optimisation of situation awareness conceptual model that outlines how multimodality may be used to optimise perception, comprehension and prediction of object recognition, spatial and temporal components of awareness. Specific multimodal design techniques are presented, which map desired training outcomes and supporting sensory requirements to training system design guidelines for optimal trainee situation awareness and human performance.

Augmented Cognition can increase human performance in the control room

Many approaches have attempted to address a truly symbiotic relationship between human and machine but, thus far, a critical shortcoming has been the computer’s inability to account for human information processing (HIP) limitations. The field of Augmented Cognition (AugCog) capitalizes on recent advances in the areas of neuroscience, cognitive science and human-computer interaction to create closed-loop systems that can measure HIP and account for problems in real-time. The closed-loop architecture is achieved by employing neuro- physiological sensors that monitor operators’ cognitive activity and respond to indicators of non-optimal information processing. Upon indication of a problem, mitigation strategies are employed in real-time to counteract the problem. Examples of HIP parameters investigated by existing AugCog systems include sensory bottlenecks, cognitive workload, alertness, arousal, and situation awareness. Obtained benefits with regard to information throughput, error reduction and operator performance have consistently reached orders of magnitude. The cognitive challenges of power plant control room operators are similar to those encountered in the originally investigated military settings. Thus, by adopting an AugCog closed-loop approach, similar benefits may be realized within the control room domain. After an introduction of the general concept, this paper outlines two distinct approaches to AugCog systems and their respective applicability to the specific needs of the control room environment. It is illustrated how a closed-loop AugCog system could substantially enhance operator performance in next- generation power plant control rooms.